It is not known whether application of fluoride agents on enamel results in lasting resistance to erosive/abrasive wear. We investigated if one daily mouth rinse with sodium fluoride (NaF), stannous fluoride (SnF2) or titanium tetrafluoride (TiF4) solutions protected enamel against erosive/abrasive wear in situ (a paired, randomised and blind study). Sixteen molars were cut into 4 specimens, each with one amalgam filling (measurement reference surface). Two teeth (2 × 4 specimens) were mounted bilaterally (buccal aspects) on acrylic mandibular appliances and worn for 9 days by 8 volunteers. Every morning, the specimens were brushed manually with water (30 s) extra-orally. Then fluoride solutions (0.4% SnF2 pH 2.5; 0.15% TiF4 pH 2.1; 0.2% NaF pH 6.5, all 0.05 m F) were applied (2 min). Three of the specimens from each tooth got different treatment, and the fourth served as control. At midday, the specimens were etched for 2 min in 300 ml fresh 0.01 m hydrochloric acid and rinsed in tap water. This etch procedure was repeated in the afternoon. Topographic measurements were performed by a white-light interferometer. Mean surface loss (±SD) for 16 teeth after 9 days was: SnF2 1.8 ± 1.9 µm, TiF4 3.1 ± 4.8 µm, NaF 26.3 ± 4.7 µm, control 32.3 ± 4.4 µm. Daily rinse with SnF2, TiF4 and NaF resulted in 94, 90 and 18% reduction in enamel erosive/abrasive wear, respectively, compared with control (p < 0.05). The superior protective effect of daily rinse with either stannous or titanium tetrafluoride solutions on erosive/abrasive enamel wear is promising.

Keywords:
Enamel wear, Fluoride, Interferometer, Prevention, Tin, Titanium
1.
Arnadottir IB, Holbrook WP, Eggertsson H, Gudmundsdottir H, Jonsson SH, Gudlaugsson JO, Saemundsson SR, Eliasson ST, Agustsdottir H: Prevalence of dental erosion in children: a national survey. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 2010;38:521–526.
2.
El Aidi H, Bronkhorst EM, Huysmans MC, Truin GJ: Dynamics of tooth erosion in adolescents: a 3-year longitudinal study. J Dent 2010;38:131–137.
3.
Ganss C, Klimek J, Brune V, Schurmann A: Effects of two fluoridation measures on erosion progression in human enamel and dentine in situ. Caries Res 2004;38:561–566.
4.
Ganss C, Klimek J, Schaffer U, Spall T: Effectiveness of two fluoridation measures on erosion progression in human enamel and dentine in vitro. Caries Res 2001;35:325–330.
5.
Ganss C, Neutard L, von HJ, Klimek J, Schlueter N: Efficacy of a tin/fluoride rinse: a randomized in situ trial on erosion. J Dent Res 2010;89:1214–1218.
6.
Ganss C, Schlueter N, Hardt M, Schattenberg P, Klimek J: Effect of fluoride compounds on enamel erosion in vitro: a comparison of amine, sodium and stannous fluoride. Caries Res 2008;42:2–7.
7.
Ganss C, Schlueter N, Klimek J: Retention of KOH-soluble fluoride on enamel and dentine under erosive conditions – a comparison of in vitro and in situ results. Arch Oral Biol 2007;52:9–14.
8.
Holme B, Hove L, Tveit AB: Using white light interferometry to measure etching depth of dental enamel. Measurement 2005;38:137–147.
9.
Hove LH, Holme B, Stenhagen KR, Tveit AB: Protective effect of TiF(4) solutions with different concentrations and pH on development of erosion-like lesions. Caries Res 2011;45:64–68.
10.
Hove LH, Holme B, Young A, Tveit AB: The protective effect of TiF4, SnF2 and NaF against erosion-like lesions in situ. Caries Res 2008;42:68–72.
11.
Huysmans MC, Jager DH, Ruben JL, Unk DE, Klijn CP, Vieira AM: Reduction of erosive wear in situ by stannous fluoride-containing toothpaste. Caries Res 2011;45:518–523.
12.
Kreulen CM, Van’t SA, Rodriguez JM, Bronkhorst EM, Creugers NH, Bartlett DW: Systematic review of the prevalence of tooth wear in children and adolescents. Caries Res 2010;44:151–159.
13.
Magalhaes AC, Rios D, Honorio HM, Jorge AM Jr, Delbem AC, Buzalaf MA: Effect of 4% titanium tetrafluoride solution on dental erosion by a soft drink: an in situ/ex vivo study. Arch Oral Biol 2008;53:399–404.
14.
Magalhaes AC, Wiegand A, Rios D, Buzalaf MA, Lussi A: Fluoride in dental erosion. Monogr Oral Sci 2011;22:158–170.
15.
Margaritis V, Mamai-Homata E, Koletsi-Kounari H, Polychronopoulou A: Evaluation of three different scoring systems for dental erosion: a comparative study in adolescents. J Dent 2011;39:88–93.
16.
Marinho VC: Evidence-based effectiveness of topical fluorides. Adv Dent Res 2008;20:3–7.
17.
Moberg SU, Petersson LG, Lith A, Birkhed D: Effect of school-based fluoride varnish programmes on approximal caries in adolescents from different caries risk areas. Caries Res 2005;39:273–279.
18.
Ribeiro CC, Gibson I, Barbosa MA: The uptake of titanium ions by hydroxyapatite particles-structural changes and possible mechanisms. Biomaterials 2006;27:1749–1761.
19.
Saxegaard E, Rolla G: Fluoride acquisition on and in human enamel during topical application in vitro. Scand J Dent Res 1988;96:523–535.
20.
Schlueter N, Duran A, Klimek J, Ganss C: Investigation of the effect of various fluoride compounds and preparations thereof on erosive tissue loss in enamel in vitro. Caries Res 2009a;43:10–16.
21.
Schlueter N, Ganss C, Mueller U, Klimek J: Effect of titanium tetrafluoride and sodium fluoride on erosion progression in enamel and dentine in vitro. Caries Res 2007;41:141–145.
22.
Schlueter N, Hardt M, Lussi A, Engelmann F, Klimek J, Ganss C: Tin-containing fluoride solutions as anti-erosive agents in enamel: an in vitro tin-uptake, tissue-loss, and scanning electron micrograph study. Eur J Oral Sci 2009b;117:427–434.
23.
Schlueter N, Klimek J, Ganss C: Efficacy of an experimental tin-F-containing solution in erosive tissue loss in enamel and dentine in situ. Caries Res 2009c;43:415–421.
24.
Schlueter N, Klimek J, Ganss C: Efficacy of tin-containing solutions on erosive mineral loss in enamel and dentine in situ. Clin Oral Investig 2011;15:361–367.
25.
Sen BH, Kazemi RB, Spangberg LS: Morphologic effects on L929 fibroblasts of titanium tetrafluoride application. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 1998;86:341–346.
26.
Stenhagen KR, Hove LH, Holme B, Taxt-Lamolle S, Tveit AB: Comparing different methods to assess erosive lesion depths and progression in vitro. Caries Res 2010;44:555–561.
27.
Vieira A, Lugtenborg M, Ruben JL, Huysmans MC: Brushing abrasion of eroded bovine enamel pretreated with topical fluorides. Caries Res 2006;40:224–230.
28.
Wiegand A, Attin T: Influence of fluoride on the prevention of erosive lesions – a review. Oral Health Prev Dent 2003;1:245–253.
29.
Wiegand A, Attin T: Design of erosion/abrasion studies – insights and rational concepts. Caries Res 2011;45(suppl 1):53–59.
30.
Wiegand A, Hiestand B, Sener B, Magalhaes AC, Roos M, Attin T: Effect of TiF4, ZrF4, HfF4 and AmF on erosion and erosion/abrasion of enamel and dentin in situ. Arch Oral Biol 2010a;55:223–228.
31.
Wiegand A, Magalhaes AC, Attin T: Is titanium tetrafluoride (TiF4) effective to prevent carious and erosive lesions? A review of the literature. Oral Health Prev Dent 2010b;8:159–164.
© 2012 S. Karger AG, Basel
2012
Copyright / Drug Dosage / Disclaimer
Copyright: All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be translated into other languages, reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, microcopying, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher.
Drug Dosage: The authors and the publisher have exerted every effort to ensure that drug selection and dosage set forth in this text are in accord with current recommendations and practice at the time of publication. However, in view of ongoing research, changes in government regulations, and the constant flow of information relating to drug therapy and drug reactions, the reader is urged to check the package insert for each drug for any changes in indications and dosage and for added warnings and precautions. This is particularly important when the recommended agent is a new and/or infrequently employed drug.
Disclaimer: The statements, opinions and data contained in this publication are solely those of the individual authors and contributors and not of the publishers and the editor(s). The appearance of advertisements or/and product references in the publication is not a warranty, endorsement, or approval of the products or services advertised or of their effectiveness, quality or safety. The publisher and the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to persons or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content or advertisements.
You do not currently have access to this content.