1.
Amarenco P, Duyckaerts C, Tzourio C, Hénin D, Bousser M-G, Hauw J-J: The prevalence of ulcerated plaques in the aortic arch in patients with stroke. N Engl J Med 1992;326:221–225.
2.
Khathibzadeh M, Mitusch R, Stierle U, Gromoll B, Sheikhzadeh: Aortic atherosclerotic plaques as a source of systemic embolism. J Am Coll Cardiol 1996;27:664–669.
3.
Amarenco P, Cohen A, Tzourio C, Bertrand B, Hommel M, Besson G, Chauvel C, Touboul P-J, Bousser M-G: Atherosclerotic disease of the aortic arch and the risk of ischemic stroke. N Engl J Med 1994;331:1474–1479.
4.
Jones EF, Kalman JM, Calafiore P, Tonkin AM, Donnan GA: Proximal aortic atheroma. An independent risk factor for cerebral ischemia. Stroke 1995;26:218–224.
5.
Tunick PA, Perez JL, Kronzon I: Protruding atheromas in the thoracic aorta and systemic embolization. Ann Intern Med 1991;115:423–427.
6.
Nihoyannopoulos P, Joshi J, Athanasopoulos G, Oakley CM: Detection of atherosclerotic lesions in the aorta by transesophageal echography. Am J Cardiol 1993;71:1208–1212.
7.
Stone DA, Hawke MW, LaMonte M, Kittner SJ, Acosta J, Corretti M, Sample C, Price TR, Plotnick GD: Ulcerated atherosclerotic plaques in the thoracic aorta are associated with cryptogenic stroke: a multiplane transesophageal echocardiographic study. Am Heart J 1995;130:105–108.
8.
Di Tullio MR, Sacco RL, Gersony D, Nayak H, Weslow RG, Kargman DE, Homma S: Aortic atheromas and acute ischemic stroke: a transesophageal echocardiographic study in an ethnically mixed population. Neurology 1996;46:1560–1566.
9.
Dávila-Román VG, Barzilai B, Wareing TH, Murphy SF, Schechtman KB, Kouchoukos NT: Atherosclerosis of the ascending aorta. Prevalence and role as independent predictor of cerebrovascular events in cardiac patients. Stroke 1994;25:2010–2016.
10.
The French Study of Aortic Plaques in Stroke Group: Atherosclerotic disease of the aortic arch as a risk factor for recurrent ischemic stroke. N Engl J Med 1996;334:1216–1221.
11.
Tunick PA, Rosenzweig BP, Katz ES, Freedberg RS, Perez JL, Kronzon I: High risk for vascular events in patients with protruding aortic atheromas: a prospective study. J Am Coll Cardiol 1994;23:1085–1090.
12.
Mitusch R, Doherty C, Wucherpfennig H, Memmesheimer, Tepe C, Stierle U, Kessler C, Sheikhzadeh A: Vascular events during follow-up in patients with aortic arch atherosclerosis. Stroke 1997;28:36–39.
13.
Dávila-Román V, Murphy SF, Nickerson NJ, Kouchoukos N, Schechtman K, Barzilai B: Atherosclerosis of the ascending aorta is an independent predictor of long-term neurologic events and mortality. J Am Coll Cardiol 1999;33:1308–1316.
14.
Cohen A, Tzourio C, Bertrand B, Chauvel C, Bousser M-G, Amarenco P; on behalf of the FAPS investigators: Aortic plaque morphology and vascular events. A follow-up study in patients with ischemic stroke. Circulation 1997;96:3838–3841.
15.
Tunick PA, Nayar AC, Goodkin GM, Mirchandani S, Francescone S, Rosenzweig BP, Freedberg RS, Katz ES, Applebaum RM, Kronzon I; for the NYU Atheroma Group: Effect of treatment on the incidence of stroke and other emboli in 519 patients with severe thoracic aortic plaque. Am J Cardiol 2002;90:1320–1325.
16.
The Stroke Prevention in Reversible Ischemia Trial (SPIRIT) Study Group: A randomized trial of anticoagulants versus aspirin after cerebral ischemia of presumed arterial origin. Ann Neurol 1997;42:857–865.
17.
Mohr JP, Thompson JLP, Lazar RM, Levin B, Sacco RL, Furie KL, Kistler JP, Albers GW, Pettigrew LC, Adams HP, Jackson CM, Pullicino P; for the Warfarin-Aspirin Recurrent Stroke Study Group: A comparison of warfarin and aspirin for the prevention of recurrent ischemic stroke. N Engl J Med 2001;345:1444–1451.
18.
Petty GW, et al: Frequency of major complications of aspirin, warfarin etc. Ann Intern Med 1999;130:14–22.
19.
CAPRIE Steering Committee: A randomized, blinded, trial of clopidogrel versus aspirin in patients at risk of ischaemic events (CAPRIE). Lancet 1996;348:1329–1339.
20.
Harker LA, et al: Clopidogrel inhibition of stent, graft, and vascular thrombogenesis. Circulation 1998;98:2461–2469.
21.
Steinhubl SR, Berger PB, Mann JT, Fry ETA, DeLago A, Wilmer C, Topol EJ; for the CREDO Investigators: Early and sustained dual oral antiplatelet therapy following percutaneous coronary intervention. A randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2002;288:2411–2420.
22.
The Clopidogrel in Unstable Angina to Prevent Recurrent Events Trial Investigators: Effects of clopidogrel in addition to aspirin in patients with acute coronary syndromes without ST-segment elevation. N Engl J Med 2001;345:494–502.
23.
Diener HC, Bogousslavsky J, Brass LM, Cimminiello C, Csiba L, Kaste M, Leys D, Matias-Guiu J, Rupprecht HJ; on behalf of the MATCH investigators: Aspirin and clopidogrel compared with clopidogrel alone after recent ischaemic stroke or transient ischaemic attack in high-risk patients (MATCH): randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 2004;364:331–337.
24.
Amarenco P, Donnan GA: Should the MATCH results be extrapolated to all stroke patients and affect on-going trials evaluating clopidogrel plus aspirin? Stroke 2004;35:2606–2608.
25.
Lechat P, Mas JL, Lascaut G, Loron P, Theard M, Klimczac M, Drobinski G, Thomas D, Grosgogeat Y: Prevalence of patent foramen ovale in patients with stroke. N Engl J Med 1988;318:1148–1152.
26.
Overell JR, Bone I, Lees KR: Interatrial septal abnormalities and stroke: a meta-analysis of case-control studies. Neurology 2000;55:1172–1179.
27.
Cabanes L, Mas J-L, Cohen A, Amarenco P, Cabanes PA, Oubari P, Chedru F, Guérin F, Bousser M-G, de Recondo J: Atrial septal aneurysm and patent foramen ovale as risk factors for cryptogenic stroke in patients less than 55 years of age. A study using transesophageal echocardiography. Stroke 1993;24:1865–1873.
28.
Ranoux D, Cohen A, Cabanes L, Amarenco P, Bousser MG, Mas JL: Patent foramen ovale: is stroke due to paradoxical embolism? Stroke 1993;24:31–34.
29.
Berthet K, Lavergne T, Cohen A, Guize L, Bousser M-G, Le Heuzey J-Y, Amarenco P: Significant association of atrial vulnerability with atrial septal abnormalities in young patients with ischemic stroke of unknown cause. Stroke 2000;31:398–403.
30.
Allessie MA, Rensma PL, Brugada J, Smeets JL, Penn O, Kirchhof CJ: Pathophysiology of atrial fibrillation; in Zipes DP, Jalife J (eds): Cardiac Electrophysiology. From Cell to Bedside. Philadelphia, WB Saunders, 1990, p 548.
31.
Ravelli F, Allessie M: Effects of atrial dilatation on refractory period and vulnerability to atrial fibrillation in the isolated Langendorff-Perfused rabbit heart. Circulation 1997;96:1686–1695.
32.
Mas JL, Arquizan C, Lamy C, et al: Recurrent cerebrovascular events associated with patent foramen ovale, atrial septal aneurysm, or both. N Engl J Med 2001;345:1740–1746.
33.
Homma S, Sacco RL, Di Tullio MR, Sciacca RR; for the PFO In Cryptogenic Stroke Study (PICSS) Investigators: Effect of medical treatment in stroke patients with patent foramen ovale. Patent Foramen Ovale In Stroke Study. Circulation 2002;105:2625–2631.
34.
Albers GW, Amarenco P, Easton JD, Sacco RL, Teal P: Antithrombotic and thrombolytic therapy for ischemic stroke. CHEST 2004;126(suppl):S483–S512.
35.
Amarenco P: Patent foramen ovale and stroke: smoking gun or guilty by association? Heart 2005;91:441–443.
Copyright / Drug Dosage / Disclaimer
Copyright: All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be translated into other languages, reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, microcopying, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher.
Drug Dosage: The authors and the publisher have exerted every effort to ensure that drug selection and dosage set forth in this text are in accord with current recommendations and practice at the time of publication. However, in view of ongoing research, changes in government regulations, and the constant flow of information relating to drug therapy and drug reactions, the reader is urged to check the package insert for each drug for any changes in indications and dosage and for added warnings and precautions. This is particularly important when the...
Copyright / Drug Dosage / Disclaimer
Copyright: All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be translated into other languages, reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, microcopying, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher.
Drug Dosage: The authors and the publisher have exerted every effort to ensure that drug selection and dosage set forth in this text are in accord with current recommendations and practice at the time of publication. However, in view of ongoing research, changes in government regulations, and the constant flow of information relating to drug therapy and drug reactions, the reader is urged to check the package insert for each drug for any changes in indications and dosage and for added warnings and precautions. This is particularly important when the recommended agent is a new and/or infrequently employed drug.
Disclaimer: The statements, opinions and data contained in this publication are solely those of the individual authors and contributors and not of the publishers and the editor(s). The appearance of advertisements or/and product references in the publication is not a warranty, endorsement, or approval of the products or services advertised or of their effectiveness, quality or safety. The publisher and the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to persons or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content or advertisements.
You do not currently have access to this content.