Personalized Nutrition for the Diverse Needs of Infants and Children
62nd Nestlé Nutrition Workshop, Pediatric Program, Helsinki, September 2007
Editor(s): Bier, D.M. (Houston, TX)German, J.B. (Davis, CA)
Lönnerdal, B. (Davis, CA)
Factors Influencing the Establishment of the Intestinal Microbiota in InfancyAdlerberth I.Department of Clinical Bacteriology, Göteborg University, Göteborg, Sweden
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Article / Publication Details
Published online: July 15, 2008
Cover Date: 2008
Number of Print Pages: 21
Number of Figures: 0
Number of Tables: 0
ISBN: 978-3-8055-8553-8 (Print)
eISBN: 978-3-8055-8554-5 (Online)
Abstract
The establishment of the intestinal microbiota commences at birth and new bacteria establish in succession during the first years of life until an adult-type highly complex microbiota has been achieved. The first bacteria to establish in the neonatal gut are usually aerobic or facultatively anaerobic bacteria, like enterobacteria, enterococci and staphylococci. During their growth they consume oxygen and change the intestinal milieu making it suitable for the proliferation of anaerobic bacteria. Bifidobacterium, Clostridium and Bacteroides are among the first anaerobes establishing in the microbiota. As more oxygen-sensitive species establish and the complexity of the microbiota increases, the population sizes of aerobic and facultative bacteria decline. This phenomenon is thought to result from oxygen depletion, substrate competition and the accumulation of toxic metabolites. A wide range of factors influence the intestinal microbiota and its establishment, including delivery and feeding mode, antibiotic treatment, and contacts with parents, siblings, and hospital staff. Differences in colonization pattern can be observed between vaginally and sectiodelivered infants, and between infants in industrialized and developing countries, reflecting the importance of maternal microbiota and the environment as sources of colonizing bacteria. This article describes the intestinal colonization pattern in human infants, and reviews factors affecting this process.
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Article / Publication Details
Published online: July 15, 2008
Cover Date: 2008
Number of Print Pages: 21
Number of Figures: 0
Number of Tables: 0
ISBN: 978-3-8055-8553-8 (Print)
eISBN: 978-3-8055-8554-5 (Online)
Copyright / Drug Dosage / Disclaimer
Copyright: All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be translated into other languages, reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, microcopying, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher.Drug Dosage: The authors and the publisher have exerted every effort to ensure that drug selection and dosage set forth in this text are in accord with current recommendations and practice at the time of publication. However, in view of ongoing research, changes in government regulations, and the constant flow of information relating to drug therapy and drug reactions, the reader is urged to check the package insert for each drug for any changes in indications and dosage and for added warnings and precautions. This is particularly important when the recommended agent is a new and/or infrequently employed drug.
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