Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders

Review Article

Free Access

Predictive Value of the Clock Drawing Test

A Review of the Literature

Peters R. · Pinto E.M.

Author affiliations

Care of the Elderly, Imperial College Faculty of Medicine, Hammersmith Campus, London, UK

Corresponding Author

Ruth Peters

Care of the Elderly, Imperial College Faculty of Medicine, Hammersmith Campus

Du Cane Road

London W12 0NN (UK)

Tel. +44 20 8383 3959, Fax +44 20 8383 3378, E-Mail r.peters@imperial.ac.uk

Related Articles for ""

Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord 2008;26:351–355

Abstract

Background/Aims: The Clock Drawing Test (CDT) assesses cognition focusing on executive function and praxis in contrast to the more language-based Mini-Mental State Exam. The CDT may allow early identification of cognitive decline. Methods: A systematic review of the literature was used to identify studies that had used the CDT to predict future cognitive impairment. Results: Five studies were found with the CDT as a predictor. The data were too disparate for meta-analytic techniques. Conclusion: The CDT may be a useful tool to identify decline before more traditional screening tests; however, further studies are needed as the data are sparse and heterogeneous.

© 2008 S. Karger AG, Basel




Related Articles:


References

  1. Lobo A, Launer L, Fratiglioni L, et al; Neurologic Diseases in the Elderly Research Group: Prevalence of dementia and major subtypes in Europe: a collaborative study of population based-cohorts.Neurology 2000;54(11):S4–S9.
  2. United Nations Population Division DESA: Report on World Population Ageing 1950–2050. United Nations Population Division DESA, pp xxvii–xxxi.
  3. Farlow M: Use of antidementia agents in vascular dementia: beyond Alzheimer’s disease. Mayo Clin Proc 2006;81:1350–1358.
  4. Spreen O, Strauss E: A Compendium of Neuropsychological Tests. Administration, Norms and Commentary, ed 2. Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1998.
  5. Levey A, Lah J, Goldstein F, et al: Mild cognitive impairment: an opportunity to identify patients at high risk for progression to Alzheimer’s disease. Clin Ther 2006;28:991–1001.
  6. Folstein W, Folstein S, McHugh R: ‘Mini Mental State’: a practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinician. J PsychiatrRes 1975;12:189–198.
  7. Shulman K, Herrmann N, Brodaty H, et al: IPA survey of brief cognitive screening instruments. Int Psychogeriatr 2006;18:281–294.
  8. Espino D, Lichtenstein M, Palmer R, et al: Evaluation of the Mini-Mental State Examination’s internal consistency in a community-based sample of Mexican-American and European-American elders: results from the San Antonio longitudinal study of aging. J Am Geriatr Soc 2004;52:822–827.
  9. Kliegel M, Zimprich D, Rott C: Life-long intellectual activities mediate the predictive effect of early education on cognitive impairment in centenarians: a retrospective study. Aging Ment Health 2004;8:430–437.
  10. Shulman K: Clock-drawing: is it the ideal cognitive screening test? Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2000;15:548–561.
  11. Herrman N, Kidron D, Shulman K, et al: Clock tests in depression, Alzheimer’s disease and elderly controls. Int J Psychiatry Med 1998;28:437–447.
  12. Gruber N, Varner R, Chen Y, et al: A comparison of the Clock Drawing Test and the Pfeiffer Short Portable Mental Status Questionnaire in a geropsychiatry clinic. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 1997;12:525–532.
    External Resources
  13. Freedman M, Leach L, Kaplan E, et al: Clock Drawing.Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1994.
  14. Harciarek M, Jodzio K: Neuropsychological differences between frontotemporal dementia and Alzheimer’s disease: a review. Neuropsychol Rev 2005;15:131–145.
  15. Baudic S, Dalla Barba G, Thibaudet M, et al: Executive function deficits in early Alzheimer’s disease and their relations with episodic memory. Arch Clin Neuropsychol 2006;21:15–21.
  16. Rapp M, Reischies F: Attention and executive control predict Alzheimer disease in late life: results from the Berlin Aging study (BASE). Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 2005;13:134–141.
  17. Lamar M, Swenson R, Kaplan E, et al: Characterising alterations in executive functioning across distinct subtypes of cortical and subcortical dementia. Clin Neuropsychol 2004;18:22–31.
  18. Albert M, Moss M, Tanzi R, et al: Preclinical prediction of AD using neuropsychological tests. J Int Neuropsychol Soc 2001;7:631–639.
  19. De Jager C, Hogervorst E, Combrinck M, et al: Sensitivity and specificity of neuropsychological tests for mild cognitive impairment, vascular cognitive impairment and Alzheimer’s disease. Psychol Med 2003;33:1039–1050.
  20. McPherson S, Fairbanks L, Tiken S, et al: Apathy and executive function in Alzheimer’s disease. J Int Neuropsychol Soc 2002;8:373–381.
  21. Ferrucci L, Cecchi F, Guralnik J, et al: Does the clock drawing test predict cognitive decline in older persons independent of the mini-mental state examination? J Am Geriatr Soc 1996;44:1326–1331.
  22. Chen P, Ratcliff G, Bele S, et al: Patterns of cognitive decline in presymptomatic Alzheimer disease. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2001;58:853–858.
  23. O’Rourke N, Tuokko H, Hayden S, et al: Early identification of dementia: predictive validity of the clock test. Arch Clin Neuropsychol 1997;12:257–267.
  24. Brodaty H, Moore C: The clock drawing test for dementia of the Alzheimer’s type: a comparison of three scoring methods in a memory disorders clinic. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 1997;12:619–627.
  25. Ratcliff G, Dodge H, Birzescu M, et al: Tracking cognitive functioning over time: ten-year longitudinal data from a community-based study. Appl Neuropsychol 2003;10:76–88.
  26. Lee A, Beaver H, Jogerst G, et al: Screening elderly patients in an outpatient ophthalmology clinic for dementia, depression, and functional impairment. Ophthalmology 2003;110:651–657
  27. Nishiwaki Y, Breeze E, Smeeth L, et al: Validity of the clock-drawing test as a screening tool in the elderly. Am J Epidemiol 2004;160:797–807.
  28. Ganguli M, Seaberg E, Ratcliff G, et al: Cognitive stability over 2 years in a rural elderly population the Movies project. Neuroepidemiology 1996;15:42–50.

Article / Publication Details

First-Page Preview
Abstract of Review Article

Accepted: July 30, 2008
Published online: October 14, 2008
Issue release date: October 2008

Number of Print Pages: 5
Number of Figures: 0
Number of Tables: 1

ISSN: 1420-8008 (Print)
eISSN: 1421-9824 (Online)

For additional information: https://www.karger.com/DEM


Copyright / Drug Dosage / Disclaimer

Copyright: All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be translated into other languages, reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, microcopying, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher.
Drug Dosage: The authors and the publisher have exerted every effort to ensure that drug selection and dosage set forth in this text are in accord with current recommendations and practice at the time of publication. However, in view of ongoing research, changes in government regulations, and the constant flow of information relating to drug therapy and drug reactions, the reader is urged to check the package insert for each drug for any changes in indications and dosage and for added warnings and precautions. This is particularly important when the recommended agent is a new and/or infrequently employed drug.
Disclaimer: The statements, opinions and data contained in this publication are solely those of the individual authors and contributors and not of the publishers and the editor(s). The appearance of advertisements or/and product references in the publication is not a warranty, endorsement, or approval of the products or services advertised or of their effectiveness, quality or safety. The publisher and the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to persons or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content or advertisements.
TOP