Carotenoids could serve as marker substances of the antioxidant status of the human skin. In the present study, an optical skin scanner was used to analyse the carotenoid concentration obtained from 4 volunteers over a period of 13 days. The measurements were taken daily at different time points. In addition, the volunteers were asked to keep track of their daily nutritional behaviour and stress situations in a diary. It was found that the carotenoid values reflect clearly the nutritional behaviour and stress situations of the volunteers. While a steady, increased intake of fruit and vegetables resulted in a gradual increase in the dermal carotenoid values for several days, stressful situations entailed an immediate decline in these values. Although the impact of healthy nutrition on the antioxidant protection system is generally known and notwithstanding the small number of cases, the present study clearly demonstrates that the avoidance and/or reduction of stress is similarly important in order not to counteract or nullify the results achieved by healthy nutrition.

1.
Telofski LS, Morello AP 3rd, Mack Correa MC, Stamatas GN: The infant skin barrier: can we preserve, protect, and enhance the barrier? Dermatol Res Pract 2012;2012:198789.
2.
Lademann J, Schanzer S, Meinke M, Sterry W, Darvin ME: Interaction between carotenoids and free radicals in human skin. Skin Pharmacol Physiol 2011;24:238-244.
3.
Ramadan R, Tawdy A, Abdel Hay R, Rashed L, Tawfik D: The antioxidant role of paraoxonase 1 and vitamin E in three autoimmune diseases. Skin Pharmacol Physiol 2013;26:2-7.
4.
Yamashita Y, Okano Y, Ngo T, Buche P, Sirvent A, Girard F, Masaki H: Differences in susceptibility to oxidative stress in the skin of Japanese and French subjects and physiological characteristics of their skin. Skin Pharmacol Physiol 2012;25:78-85.
5.
Schade N, Esser C, Krutmann J: Ultraviolet B radiation-induced immunosuppression: molecular mechanisms and cellular alterations. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2005;4:699-708.
6.
Poljsak B, Dahmane R: Free radicals and extrinsic skin aging. Dermatol Res Pract 2012;2012:135206.
7.
Diepgen TL, Fartasch M, Drexler H, Schmitt J: Occupational skin cancer induced by ultraviolet radiation and its prevention. Br J Dermatol 2012;167(suppl 2):76-84.
8.
Herman A, Herman AP: Caffeine's mechanisms of action and its cosmetic use. Skin Pharmacol Physiol 2013;26:8-14.
9.
Hamlaoui S, Mokni M, Limam N, Zouaoui K, Ben Rayana MC, Carrier A, Limam F, Amri M, Marzouki L, Aouani E: Protective effect of grape seed and skin extract on garlic-induced erythrocyte oxidative stress. J Physiol Pharmacol 2012;63:381-388.
10.
Park G, Kim HG, Kim YO, Park SH, Kim SY, Oh MS: Coriandrum sativum L. protects human keratinocytes from oxidative stress by regulating oxidative defense systems. Skin Pharmacol Physiol 2012;25:93-99.
11.
Chen L, Hu JY, Wang SQ: The role of antioxidants in photoprotection: a critical review. J Am Acad Dermatol 2012;67:1013-1024.
12.
Haag SF, Taskoparan B, Bittl R, Teutloff C, Wenzel R, Fahr A, Chen M, Lademann J, Schäfer-Korting M, Meinke MC: Stabilization of reactive nitroxides using invasomes to allow prolonged electron paramagnetic resonance measurements. Skin Pharmacol Physiol 2011;24:312-321.
13.
Lademann J, Martschick A, Kluschke F, Richter H, Fluhr JW, Patzelt A, Jung S, Chekerov R, Darvin ME, Haas N, Sterry W, Zastrow L, Sehouli J: Efficient prevention strategy against the development of a palmar-plantar erythrodysesthesia during chemotherapy. Skin Pharmacol Physiol 2013;27:66-70.
14.
Lauer AC, Groth N, Haag SF, Darvin ME, Lademann J, Meinke MC: Dose-dependent vitamin C uptake and radical scavenging activity in human skin measured with in vivo electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy. Skin Pharmacol Physiol 2013;26:147-154.
15.
Haag SF, Bechtel A, Darvin ME, Klein F, Groth N, Schäfer-Korting M, Bittl R, Lademann J, Sterry W, Meinke MC: Comparative study of carotenoids, catalase and radical formation in human and animal skin. Skin Pharmacol Physiol 2010;23:306-312.
16.
Darvin ME, Haag S, Meinke M, Zastrow L, Sterry W, Lademann J: Radical production by infrared A irradiation in human tissue. Skin Pharmacol Physiol 2010;23:40-46.
17.
Slavin JL, Lloyd B: Health benefits of fruits and vegetables. Adv Nutr 2012;3:506-516.
18.
Hesterberg K, Lademann J, Patzelt A, Sterry W, Darvin ME: Raman spectroscopic analysis of the increase of the carotenoid antioxidant concentration in human skin after a 1-week diet with ecological eggs. J Biomed Opt 2009;14:024039.
19.
Darvin ME, Patzelt A, Knorr F, Blume-Peytavi U, Sterry W, Lademann J: One-year study on the variation of carotenoid antioxidant substances in living human skin: influence of dietary supplementation and stress factors. J Biomed Opt 2008;13:044028.
20.
Böhm F, Edge R, Truscott TG: Interactions of dietary carotenoids with singlet oxygen (1O2) and free radicals: potential effects for human health. Acta Biochim Pol 2012;59:27-30.
21.
Lademann J, Meinke MC, Sterry W, Darvin ME: Carotenoids in human skin. Exp Dermatol 2011;20:377-382.
22.
Meinke MC, Darvin ME, Vollert H, Lademann J: Bioavailability of natural carotenoids in human skin compared to blood. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2010;76:269-274.
23.
Darvin ME, Sandhagen C, Koecher W, Sterry W, Lademann J, Meinke MC: Comparison of two methods for noninvasive determination of carotenoids in human and animal skin: Raman spectroscopy versus reflection spectroscopy. J Biophotonics 2012;5:550-558.
24.
Darvin ME, Fluhr JW, Meinke MC, Zastrow L, Sterry W, Lademann J: Topical beta-carotene protects against infra-red-light-induced free radicals. Exp Dermatol 2011;20:125-129.
25.
Trapp D, Knez W, Sinclair W: Could a vegetarian diet reduce exercise-induced oxidative stress? A review of the literature. J Sports Sci 2010;28:1261-1268.
26.
He C, Qureshi AA, Han J: Polymorphisms in genes involved in oxidative stress and their interactions with lifestyle factors on skin cancer risk. J Dermatol Sci 2010;60:54-56.
27.
Garg K, Draganescu JM, Albornoz MA: Puzzles in practice: a rash imposition from a lifestyle omission. Vitamin C deficiency. Postgrad Med 1998;104:183-184.
28.
Darvin ME, Fluhr JW, Caspers P, van der Pool A, Richter H, Patzelt A, Sterry W, Lademann J: In vivo distribution of carotenoids in different anatomical locations of human skin: comparative assessment with two different Raman spectroscopy methods. Exp Dermatol 2009;18:1060-1063.
29.
Jeon HY, Kim JK, Seo DB, Cho SY, Lee SJ: Beneficial effect of dietary epigallocatechin-3-gallate on skin via enhancement of antioxidant capacity in both blood and skin. Skin Pharmacol Physiol 2010;23:283-289.
30.
Vierck HB, Darvin ME, Lademann J, Reisshauer A, Baack A, Sterry W, Patzelt A: The influence of endurance exercise on the antioxidative status of human skin. Eur J Appl Physiol 2012;112:3361-3367.
31.
Darvin ME, Sterry W, Lademann J, Patzelt A: Alcohol consumption decreases the protection efficiency of the antioxidant network and increases the risk of sunburn in human skin. Skin Pharmacol Physiol 2012;26:45-51.
Copyright / Drug Dosage / Disclaimer
Copyright: All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be translated into other languages, reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, microcopying, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher.
Drug Dosage: The authors and the publisher have exerted every effort to ensure that drug selection and dosage set forth in this text are in accord with current recommendations and practice at the time of publication. However, in view of ongoing research, changes in government regulations, and the constant flow of information relating to drug therapy and drug reactions, the reader is urged to check the package insert for each drug for any changes in indications and dosage and for added warnings and precautions. This is particularly important when the recommended agent is a new and/or infrequently employed drug.
Disclaimer: The statements, opinions and data contained in this publication are solely those of the individual authors and contributors and not of the publishers and the editor(s). The appearance of advertisements or/and product references in the publication is not a warranty, endorsement, or approval of the products or services advertised or of their effectiveness, quality or safety. The publisher and the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to persons or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content or advertisements.
You do not currently have access to this content.