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EEMCO Guidance for the in vivo Assessment of Biomechanical Properties of the Human Skin and Its Annexes: Revisiting Instrumentation and Test Modes

Monteiro Rodrigues L.a · Fluhr J.W.b · the EEMCO Group

Author affiliations

aCBIOS – Universidade Lusófona Research Centre for Biosciences and Health Technologies, Lisbon, Portugal
bDepartment of Dermatology and Allergology, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

Corresponding Author

Prof. Joachim W. Fluhr

Charitéplatz 1

DE–10117 Berlin (Germany)

E-Mail Joachim.fluhr@charite.de

Keywords: Mechanical propertiesElasticitySkinHairNailsTesting methodsTesting modesAnisotropyInstrumental measurementsCosmetics efficacy

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Skin Pharmacol Physiol
https://doi.org/10.1159/000504063

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Abstract

Biomechanics of the skin is an important subject in skin research. It has been studied for many decades involving various technologies and methods to characterize and quantify mechanical properties of the skin under different in vivo conditions. The present EEMCO paper reviews the current rel­evant information, providing practical orientation to researchers dedicated to in vivo assessment of biomechanics of skin and its annexes. We discuss the available non-invasive instruments, including their principles and variables. A correspondence between the descriptors nomenclature proposed by Agache and the designation for the suction-based standard instruments is proposed. The addressed properties include skin softness/stiffness, firmness, elasticity, elastic and viscoelastic properties, extensibility, resilience, anisotropy, acoustical shock wave hardness, friction (in relation to topographic properties), thickness, fiber/stress mechanics (bending, cyclic, tensile, fatigue, or torsion), and hardness. We provide the relation of these properties to biomechanical descriptors and in some cases to SI units. Practical guidance for the proper use of these instruments, limitations, and possible interpretations are provided, while discussing the meaning of descriptive or “phenomenological” variables. For studies intended to quantify the effect of an intervention with regard to mechanical properties, we recommend a minimum of 30–40 participants, based on normal distribution of the data sets. Some important limitations are recognized, including the lack of standardization of procedures and calibration of instruments, which compromises the relevance and real nature of the descriptors/parameters obtained with these devices. The present work highlights an approach to a better practice and a science-supported biomechanical assessment of human skin, hair, and nails.

© 2019 S. Karger AG, Basel



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Article / Publication Details

First-Page Preview
Abstract of Consensus Guidelines

Received: June 13, 2019
Accepted: October 10, 2019
Published online: November 20, 2019

Number of Print Pages: 16
Number of Figures: 5
Number of Tables: 3

ISSN: 1660-5527 (Print)
eISSN: 1660-5535 (Online)

For additional information: https://www.karger.com/SPP

References

  1. Dupuytren G, Grafe CF, Kalisch M. Theoretisch-praktische Vorlesungen über die Verletzungen durch Kriegswaffen. Veit; 1836.
  2. Yang W, Sherman VR, Gludovatz B, Schaible E, Stewart P, Ritchie RO, et al. On the tear resistance of skin. Nat Commun. 2015 Mar;6(1):6649.
    External Resources
  3. Piérard GE; EEMCO Group. EEMCO Guidance to the in vivo assessment of tensile functions of the skin. Part 1: relevance of the structures and ageing of the skin and subcutaneous tissues. Skin Pharmacol Appl Skin Physiol. 1999;12(6):352–62.
    External Resources
  4. Rodrigues L; EEMCO Group. EEMCO Guidance to the in vivo assessment of tensile functions of the skin. Part 2: instrumentation and test modes. Skin Pharmacol Appl Skin Physiol. 2001;14:52–67.
  5. Paye M, Mac-Mary S, Elkhyat A, Tarrit C, Mermet P, Humbert PH. Use of the Reviscometer for measuring cosmetics-induced skin surface effects. Skin Res Technol. 2007;13:343–9.
    External Resources
  6. Ruvolo EC, Stamatas GN, Kollias N. Skin viscoelasticity displays site- and age-dependent angular anisotropy. Skin Pharmacol Physiol. 2007;20:313–21.
    External Resources
  7. Verhaegen PD, Res EM, van Engelen A, Middelkoop E, van Zuijlen PP. (2010) A reliable, non-invasive measurement tool for anisotropy in normal skin and scar tissue. Skin Res Technol. 2010;16:325–31.
    External Resources
  8. Rosado C, Antunes F, Barbosa R, Fernando R, Estudante M, Silva HN, et al. About the in vivo quantitation of skin anisotropy. Skin Res Technol. 2017;23:429–36.
    External Resources
  9. Boyer G, Molimard J, Ben Tkaya M, Zahouani H, Pericoi M, Avril S. Assessment of the in-plane biomechanical properties of human skin using a finite element model updating approach combined with an optical full-field measurement on a new tensile device. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater. 2013;27:273–82.
    External Resources
  10. Neto P, Ferreira M, Bahia F, Costa P. Improvement of the methods for skin mechanical properties evaluation through correlation between different techniques and factor analysis. Skin Res Technol. 2013;19:405–16.
    External Resources
  11. Jee T, Komvopoulos K. In vitro measurement of the mechanical properties of skin by nano/microindentation methods. J Biomech. 2014;47:1186–92.
    External Resources
  12. Agache P, Varchon D. Skin Mechanical Function. In: Humbert P, Fanian F, Maibach HI, Agache P, editors. Agache’s Measuring the Skin: Non-invasive Investigations, Physiology, Normal Constants. 2nd ed. Paris: Springer; 2017. p. 945–62.
    External Resources
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    External Resources
  14. Mehta SU, Ramamoorthi R, Meyer M, Hery C. Analytic tangent irradiance environment maps for anisotropic surfaces. Eurographics Symp Rend. 2012;31:N4.
    External Resources
  15. McKittrick J, Chen PY, Bodde SG, Yang W, Novitskaya EE, Meyers MA. The structure, functions, and mechanical properties of keratin. JOM. 2012;64(4):449–68.
    External Resources
  16. Yu Y, Yang W, Wang B, Meyers MA. Structure and mechanical behavior of human hair. Mater Sci Eng C. 2017 Apr;73:152–63.
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