Pathophysiology of Haemostasis and Thrombosis

Workshop 3: Chairmen: J. Conard, J. Ginsberg
Controversies about Anticoagulation during Pregnancy

Optimal Management of Pregnant Women with Acute Venous Thromboembolism

Bates S.M.

Author affiliations

Department of Medicine, McMaster University and Hamilton Civic Hospitals Research Center, Hamilton, Ont., Canada

Related Articles for ""

Haemostasis 1999;29(suppl 1):107–111

Log in to MyKarger to check if you already have access to this content.


Buy

  • FullText & PDF
  • Unlimited re-access via MyKarger
  • Unrestricted printing, no saving restrictions for personal use
read more

CHF 38.00 *
EUR 35.00 *
USD 39.00 *

Select

KAB

Buy a Karger Article Bundle (KAB) and profit from a discount!


If you would like to redeem your KAB credit, please log in.


Save over 20% compared to the individual article price.

Learn more

Rent/Cloud

  • Rent for 48h to view
  • Buy Cloud Access for unlimited viewing via different devices
  • Synchronizing in the ReadCube Cloud
  • Printing and saving restrictions apply

Rental: USD 8.50
Cloud: USD 20.00

Select

Subscribe

For eJournal Archive and eJournal Backfiles information please contact Karger service

* The final prices may differ from the prices shown due to specifics of VAT rules.

Article / Publication Details

First-Page Preview
Abstract of Workshop 3:  Chairmen: J. Conard, J. Ginsberg<br>Controversies about Anticoagulation during Pregnancy

Published online: November 17, 2004
Issue release date: December 1999

Number of Print Pages: 5
Number of Figures: 0
Number of Tables: 0

ISSN: 1424-8832 (Print)
eISSN: 1424-8840 (Online)

For additional information: https://www.karger.com/PHT

Abstract

Venous thromboembolism (VTE) is an important cause of obstetric morbidity and mortality. Its management during pregnancy is problematic because anticoagulants, the cornerstone of initial therapy for VTE, may have significant foetal as well as maternal side effects. Unfractionated heparin has been the anticoagulant of choice in pregnancy; however, there is growing clinical experience with low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH) in this patient population. A recently published systematic review of the literature suggests that the use of LMWH during pregnancy is not associated with adverse foetal/infant outcomes. Moreover, its long-term use appears to be safe for the mother, as symptomatic osteoporosis, bleeding and heparin- induced thrombocytopenia occurred only infrequently. There are limited data regarding the efficacy of anticoagulant therapy in the treatment of VTE during pregnancy, and treatment recommendations have largely been extrapolated from data in non-pregnant patients and case series of pregnant patients. This paper will briefly review the challenges and areas of controversy associated with the use of anticoagulants in the treatment of pregnancy-associated VTE.

© 1999 S. Karger AG, Basel




Related Articles:


References

  1. Franks AI, Atrash HK, Lawson HW, Colberg KS: Obstetrical pulmonary embolism mortality, United States 1970–1985. Am J Public Health 1990;80:720–722.
  2. Rochat RW, Koonin LM, Atrash HK, Jewett JF: Maternal mortality in the United States: Report from the Maternal Mortality Collaborative. Obstet Gynecol 1988;72:91–97.
    External Resources
  3. Barritt DW, Jordan SC: Anticoagulant drugs in the treatment of pulmonary embolism: A controlled trial. Lancet 1960;i:1309–1312.
  4. Villasanta U: Thromboembolic disease in pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1965;93:142–160.
  5. Quick AJ: Experimentally induced changes in the prothrombin level of the blood. III. Prothrombin concentration of newborn pups of a mother given dicoumarol before parturition. J Biol Chem 1946;164:371–376.
  6. Kraus AP, Perlow A, Singer K: Danger of dicoumarol treatment in pregnancy. J Am Med Assoc 1949;139:758–782.
  7. DiSaia PJ: Pregnancy and delivery of a patient with a Starr-Edwards mitral valve prosthesis: Report of a case. Obstet Gynecol 1966;28:469–472.
  8. Kerber IJ, Warr OS, Richardson C: Pregnancy in a patient with a prosthetic mitral valve. J Am Med Assoc 1968;203:223–225.
  9. Becker HM, Genieser NB, Finegold M, Miranda D, Spackman T: Chrondroplasia punctata: Is maternal warfarin a factor? Am J Dis Child 1975:129:356–359.
    External Resources
  10. Shaul WL, Hall JG: Multiple congenital anomalies associated with oral anticoagulants. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1977;27:191–198.
  11. Hall JAG, Paul RM, Wilson KM: Maternal and fetal sequelae of anticoagulation during pregnancy. Am J Med 1980;68:122–140.
  12. Hirsh J, Cade JF, Gallus AS: Fetal effects of Coumadin administered during pregnancy. Blood 1970;36:623–627.
    External Resources
  13. Iturbe-Alessio I, del Carment Fonseca M, Mutchinik O, Santos MA, Zajarias A, Salazar E: Risks of anticoagulant therapy in pregnant women with artificial heart valves. N Engl J Med 1986;315:1390–1393.
    External Resources
  14. Ginsberg JS, Hirsh J, Turner C, Levine MN, Burrows R: Risks to the fetus of anticoagulant therapy during pregnancy. Thromb Haemost 1989;61:197–203.
    External Resources
  15. Flessa HC, Kapstrom AB, Glueck MJ, Will JJ: Placental transport of heparin. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1965;93:570–573.
  16. Ginsberg J, Kowalchuk G, Hirsh J, Brill-Edwards P, Burrows R: Heparin therapy during pregnancy: Risks to the fetus and mother. Arch Intern Med 1989:149:2233–2236.
  17. Hull R, Delmore T, Carter C, Hirsh J, Genton E, Gent M, Turpie G, McLaughlin D: Adjusted subcutaneous heparin versus warfarin sodium in the long-term treatment of venous thrombosis. N Engl J Med 1982:306;189–194.
  18. Hull R, Hirsh J, Jay R, Carter C, Gent M, Turpie AGG, McLoughlin D, Dodd P, Thomas M, Raskob G, Ockleford P: Different intensities of oral anticoagulant therapy in the treatment of proximal vein thrombosis. N Engl J Med 1982;307:1676–1681.
  19. Anderson DR, Ginsberg JS, Burrows R, Brill-Edwards P: Subcutaneous heparin therapy during pregnancy: A need for concern at the time of delivery. Thromb Haemost 1991;65:248–250.
  20. Kapsch D, Silver D: Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia with thrombosis and hemorrhage. Arch Surg 1981;116:1423–1427.
    External Resources
  21. Aster RH: Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia and thrombosis. N Engl J Med 1995;332:1374–1376.
  22. Hirsh J, Fuster V: Guide to anticoagulant therapy. Part 1: Heparin. Circulation 1994;89:1449–1468.
  23. Griffith GC, Nichol G, Asher JD, Hanagan B: Heparin osteoporosis. J Am Med Assoc 1965;193:191–194.
  24. Dahlman TC, Sjoberg HE, Ringertz H: Bone mineral density during long-term prophylaxis with heparin in pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1994;160:1315–1320.
  25. Dahlman TC, Hellgren MS, Blomback M: Thrombosis prophylaxis in pregnancy with use of subcutaneous heparin adjusted by monitoring heparin concentration in plasma. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1989;161:420–425.
    External Resources
  26. Dahlman TC: Osteoporotic fractures and the recurrence of thromboembolism during pregnancy and the puerperium in 184 women undergoing thromboprophylaxis with heparin. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1993;168:1265–1270.
  27. Howell R, Fidler J, Letsky E, De Swiet M: The risks of antenatal subcutaneous heparin prophylaxis: a controlled trial. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1983;30:1124–1128.
  28. Ginsberg JS, Kowalchuk G, Hirsh J, Brill-Edwards P, Burrows R, Coates G, Webber C: Heparin effect on bone density. Thromb Haemost 1990;64:286–289.
  29. Dalham T, Lindall N, Hellgren M: Osteopenia in pregnancy during long-term heparin treatment: A radiological study postpartum. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1990;97:221–228.
  30. Barbour LA, Kick SD, Steiner JF, LoVerde ME, Heddleston LN, Lear JL: A prospective study of heparin-induced osteoporosis using bone densitometry. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1994;170:862–869.
  31. Douketis JD, Ginsberg JS, Burows RD, Duku EK, Webber CE, Brill-Edwards P: The effect of long-term heparin therapy on bone density: A prospective matched cohort study. Thromb Haemost 1996;75:254–257.
    External Resources
  32. Gould MK, Dembitzer AD, Doyle RL, Hastie TJ, Garber AM: Low-molecular-weight heparins compared with unfractionated heparin for treatment of acute deep venous thrombosis: A meta-analysis of randomized, controlled trials. Ann Intern Med 1999;130:800–809.
  33. Bara L, Billaud E, Gramond G, Kher A, Samama M: Comparative pharmacokinetics of a low-molecular-weight heparin (PK 10169) and unfractionated heparin after intravenous and subcutaneous administration. Thromb Res 1985;39:631–636.
  34. Bara L, Samama M: Pharmacokinetics of low molecular weight heparins. Acta Chir Scand Suppl 1988;543:65–72.
    External Resources
  35. Weitz J: Low-molecular-weight heparins. N Engl J Med 1997;337:688–698.
  36. Warkentin TE, Levine MN, Hirsh J, Horsewood P, Roberts RS, Gent M, Kelton JG: Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia in patients treated with low-molecular-weight heparin or unfractionated heparin. N Engl J Med 1995;332:1330–1335.
  37. Monreal M, Lafoz E, Live A, de Rio L, Vedia C: Comparison of subcutaneous unfractionated heparin with a low molecular weight heparin (Fragmin) in patients with venous thromboembolism and contraindications for coumarin. Thromb Haemost 1994;71:7–11.
  38. Melissari E, Parker CJ, Wilson NV, Monte G, Kanthou C, Pemberton KD, Nicolaides KH, Barrett JJ, Kakkar VV: Use of low molecular weight heparin in pregnancy. Thromb Haemost 1992;68:652–656.
  39. Sefras J, Farquahrson RG: Bone density studies in pregnant women receiving heparin. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 1996;65:171–174.
  40. Forestier F, Daffos F, Rainaut M, Toulemonde F: Low-molecular-weight-heparin (CY 216) does not cross the placenta during the third trimester of pregnancy. Thromb Haemost 1987;57:234.
    External Resources
  41. Sanson B, Lensing AWA, Prins MH, Ginsberg JS, Barkagan ZS, Lavenne-Pardonge E, Brenner B, Dulitzky M, Nielsen JD, Boda Z, Turi S, MacGillavry MR, Hamulyak K, Theunissen IM, Hunt BJ, Buller HR: The use of low-molecular-weight heparin in pregnancy: A systematic review. Thromb Haemost 1999;81:668–672.
  42. Ginsberg JS, Hirsh J: Use of antithrombotic agents during pregnancy. Chest 1998;114(suppl):524–530.
  43. Hull R, Delmore T, Genton E, Hirsh J, Gent M, Sackett D, McLoughlin D, Armstrong P: Warfarin sodium versus low-dose heparin in the long-term treatment of venous thrombosis. N Engl J Med 1979;301:855–858.
  44. Lowe GDO: Treatment of venous thromboembolism; in Greer IA (ed): Baillière’s Clinical Obstetrics and Gynaecology – Thromboembolic Disease in Obstetrics and Gynaecology. London, Baillière Tindall, 1997, pp 511–521.
  45. Levine MN, Hirsh J, Gent M, Turpie AG, Cruikshank M, Weitz J, Anderson D, Johnson M: A randomized trial comparing activated thromboplastin time with heparin assay in patients with acute venous thromboembolism requiring large daily doses of heparin. Arch Intern Med 1994;154:49–56.
  46. Orme ML, Lewis M, DeSwiet M, Serlin MJ, Sibeon R, Baty JD, Breckenridge AM: May mothers given warfarin breast-feed their infants? Br Med J 1977;1:1564–1565.
    External Resources
  47. McKenna R, Cole ER, Vasan U: Is warfarin sodium contraindicated in the lactating mother? J Pediatr 1983;103:325–327.
    External Resources

Article / Publication Details

First-Page Preview
Abstract of Workshop 3:  Chairmen: J. Conard, J. Ginsberg<br>Controversies about Anticoagulation during Pregnancy

Published online: November 17, 2004
Issue release date: December 1999

Number of Print Pages: 5
Number of Figures: 0
Number of Tables: 0

ISSN: 1424-8832 (Print)
eISSN: 1424-8840 (Online)

For additional information: https://www.karger.com/PHT


Copyright / Drug Dosage / Disclaimer

Copyright: All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be translated into other languages, reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, microcopying, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher.
Drug Dosage: The authors and the publisher have exerted every effort to ensure that drug selection and dosage set forth in this text are in accord with current recommendations and practice at the time of publication. However, in view of ongoing research, changes in government regulations, and the constant flow of information relating to drug therapy and drug reactions, the reader is urged to check the package insert for each drug for any changes in indications and dosage and for added warnings and precautions. This is particularly important when the recommended agent is a new and/or infrequently employed drug.
Disclaimer: The statements, opinions and data contained in this publication are solely those of the individual authors and contributors and not of the publishers and the editor(s). The appearance of advertisements or/and product references in the publication is not a warranty, endorsement, or approval of the products or services advertised or of their effectiveness, quality or safety. The publisher and the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to persons or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content or advertisements.
TOP