Spectral karyotyping (SKY) is a widely used methodology to identify genetic aberrations. Multicolor fluorescence in situ hybridization using chromosome painting probes in individual colors for all metaphase chromosomes at once is combined with a unique spectral measurement and analysis system to automatically classify normal and aberrant chromosomes. Based on countless studies and investigations in many laboratories worldwide, numerous new chromosome translocations and other aberrations have been identified in clinical and tumor cytogenetics. Thus, gene identification studies have been facilitated resulting in the dissection of tumor development and progression. For example, different translocation partners of the TEL/ETV6 transcription factor that is specially required for hematopoiesis within the bone marrow were identified. Also, the correct classification of complex karyotypes of solid tumors supports the prognostication of cancer patients. Important accomplishments for patients with genetic diseases, leukemias and lymphomas, mesenchymal tumors and solid cancers are summarized and exemplified. Furthermore, studies of disease mechanisms such as centromeric DNA breakage, DNA double strand break repair, telomere shortening and radiation-induced neoplastic transformation have been accompanied by SKY analyses. Besides the hybridization of human chromosomes, mouse karyotyping has also contributed to the comprehensive characterization of mouse models of human disease and for gene therapy studies.

1.
Abdel-Rahman WM, Katsura K, Rens W, Gorman PA, Sheer D, Bicknell D, Bodmer WF, Arends MJ, Wyllie AH, Edwards PA: Spectral karyotyping suggests additional subsets of colorectal cancers characterized by pattern of chromosome rearrangement. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 98:2538–2543 (2001).
2.
Aben KK, Macville MV, Smeets DF, Schoenberg MP, Witjes JA, Kiemeney LA: Absence of karyotype abnormalities in patients with familial urothelial cell carcinoma. Urology 57:266–269 (2001).
3.
Abrahams BS, Chong AC, Nisha M, Milette D, Brewster DA, Berry ML, Muratkhodjaev F, Mai S, Rajcan-Separovic E, Simpson EM: Metaphase FISHing of transgenic mice recommended: FISH and SKY define BAC-mediated balanced translocation. Genesis 36:134–141 (2003).
4.
Adam P, Katzenberger T, Seeberger H, Gattenlohner S, Wolf J, Steinlein C, Schmid M, Muller-Hermelink HK, Ott G: A case of a diffuse large B-cell lymphoma of plasmablastic type associated with the t(2;5)(p23;q35) chromosome translocation. Am J Surg Pathol 27:1473–1476 (2003).
5.
Akervall J, Guo X, Qian CN, Schoumans J, Leeser B, Kort E, Cole A, Resau J, et al: Genetic and expression profiles of squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck correlate with cisplatin sensitivity and resistance in cell lines and patients. Clin Cancer Res 10:8204–8213 (2004).
6.
Allen RJ, Smith SD, Moldwin RL, Lu MM, Giordano L, Vignon C, Suto Y, Harden A, et al: Establishment and characterization of a megakaryoblast cell line with amplification of MLL. Leukemia 12:1119–1127 (1998).
7.
Amini RM, Berglund M, Rosenquist R, Von Heideman A, Lagercrantz S, Thunberg U, Bergh J, Sundstrom C, et al: A novel B-cell line (U-2932) established from a patient with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma following Hodgkin lymphoma. Leuk Lymphoma 43:2179–2189 (2002).
8.
Anderlid BM, Schoumans J, Anneren G, Sahlen S, Kyllerman M, Vujic M, Hagberg B, Blennow E, Nordenskjold M: Subtelomeric rearrangements detected in patients with idiopathic mental retardation. Am J Med Genet 107:275–284 (2002).
9.
Andersson J, Sjogren H, Meis-Kindblom JM, Stenman G, Aman P, Kindblom LG: The complexity of KIT gene mutations and chromosome rearrangements and their clinical correlation in gastrointestinal stromal (pacemaker cell) tumors. Am J Pathol 160:15–22 (2002).
10.
Astrom A, D’Amore ES, Sainati L, Panarello C, Morerio C, Mark J, Stenman G: Evidence of involvement of the PLAG1 gene in lipoblastomas. Int J Oncol 16:1107–1110 (2000).
11.
Barnard M, Bayani J, Grant R, Teshima I, Thorner P, Squire J: Use of multicolor spectral karyotyping in genetic analysis of pleuropulmonary blastoma. Pediatr Dev Pathol 3:479–486 (2000).
12.
Bayani J, Squire JA: Advances in the detection of chromosomal aberrations using spectral karyotyping. Clin Genet 59:65–73 (2001).
13.
Bayani JM, Squire JA: Applications of SKY in cancer cytogenetics. Cancer Invest 20:373–386 (2002).
14.
Bayani J, Zielenska M, Pandita A, Al-Romaih K, Karaskova J, Harrison K, Bridge JA, Sorensen P, et al: Spectral karyotyping identifies recurrent complex rearrangements of chromosomes 8, 17, and 20 in osteosarcomas. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 36:7–16 (2003).
15.
Benedek K, Chudoba I, Klein G, Wiener F, Mai S: Rearrangements of the telomeric region of mouse chromosome 11 in Pre-B ABL/MYC cells revealed by mBANDing, spectral karyotyping, and fluorescence in-situ hybridization with a subtelomeric probe. Chromosome Res 12:777–785 (2004).
16.
Bergamo NA, da Silva Veiga LC, dos Reis PP, Nishimoto IN, Magrin J, Kowalski LP, Squire JA, Rogatto SR: Classic and molecular cytogenetic analyses reveal chromosomal gains and losses correlated with survival in head and neck cancer patients. Clin Cancer Res 11:621–631 (2005).
17.
Best RG, Diamond D, Crawford E, Grass FS, Janish C, Lear TL, Soenksen D, Szalay AA, Moore CM: Baboon/human homologies examined by spectral karyotyping (SKY): a visual comparison. Cytogenet Cell Genet 82:83–87 (1998).
18.
Betts DR, Cohen N, Leibundgut KE, Kuhne T, Caflisch U, Greiner J, Traktenbrot L, Niggli FK: Characterization of karyotypic events and evolution in neuroblastoma. Pediatr Blood Cancer 44:147–157 (2005).
19.
Bible KC, Boerner SA, Kirkland K, Anderl KL, Bartelt D Jr, Svingen PA, Kottke TJ, Lee YK, Eckdahl S, Stalboerger PG, Jenkins RB, Kaufmann SH: Characterization of an ovarian carcinoma cell line resistant to cisplatin and flavopiridol. Clin Cancer Res 6:661–670 (2000).
20.
Borg I, Squire M, Menzel C, Stout K, Morgan D, Willatt L, O’Brien PC, Ferguson-Smith MA, Ropers HH, Tommerup N, Kalscheuer VM, Sargan DR: A cryptic deletion of 2q35 including part of the PAX3 gene detected by breakpoint mapping in a child with autism and a de novo 2;8 translocation. J Med Genet 39:391–399 (2002).
21.
Buwe A, Steinlein C, Koehler MR, Bar-Am I, Katzin N, Schmid M: Multicolor spectral karyotyping of rat chromosomes. Cytogenet Genome Res 103:163–168 (2003).
22.
Calabrese G, Fantasia D, Franch PG, Morizio E, Stuppia L, Gatta V, Olioso P, Mingarelli R, Spadano A, Palka G: Spectral karyotyping (SKY) refinement of a complex karyotype with t(20;21) in a Ph-positive CML patient submitted to peripheral blood stem cell transplantation. Bone Marrow Transplant 26:1125–1127 (2000a).
23.
Calabrese G, Fantasia D, Spadano A, Morizio E, Di Bartolomeo P, Palka G: Karyotype refinement in five patients with acute myeloid leukemia using spectral karyotyping. Haematologica 85:1219–1221 (2000b).
24.
Calabrese G, Taraborelli T, Fantasia D, Guanciali Franchi P, Spadano A, Palka G: Karyotype refinement by multicolor fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis in 18 patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Haematologica 87:888–889 (2002).
25.
Calabrese G, Fantasia D, Morizio E, Toro PM, Franchi PG, Fornaro A, Spadano A, Stuppia L, Palka G: Chromosome 11 rearrangements and specific MLL amplification revealed by spectral karyotyping in a patient with refractory anaemia with excess of blasts (RAEB). Br J Haematol 122:760–763 (2003).
26.
Carlotti CG Jr, Drake JM, Hladky JP, Teshima I, Becker LE, Rutka JT: Primary Ewing’s sarcoma of the skull in children. Utility of molecular diagnostics, surgery and adjuvant therapies. Pediatr Neurosurg 31:307–315 (1999).
27.
Chan KY, Wong N, Lai PB, Squire JA, Macgregor PF, Beheshti B, Albert M, To KF, Johnson PJ: Transcriptional profiling on chromosome 19p indicated frequent downregulation of ACP5 expression in hepatocellular carcinoma. Int J Cancer 114:902–908 (2005).
28.
Chen CP, Lin SP, Lin CC, Li YC, Hsieh LJ, Lee CC, Chen YJ, Wang W: Spectral karyotyping and fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis of de novo partial duplication of Yq (Yq11.2→qter) and partial monosomy 5p (5p15.3→pter). Prenat Diagn 25:723–725 (2005).
29.
Chen Z, Coffin CM, Scott S, Meloni-Ehrig A, Shepard R, Issa B, Forsyth DR, Sandberg AA, et al: Evidence by spectral karyotyping that 8q11.2 is nonrandomly involved in lipoblastoma. J Mol Diagn 2:73–77 (2000).
30.
Cigudosa JC, Odero MD, Calasanz MJ, Sole F, Salido M, Arranz E, Martinez-Ramirez A, Urioste M, Alvarez S, Cervera JV, MacGrogan D, Sanz MA, Nimer SD, Benitez J: De novo erythroleukemia chromosome features include multiple rearrangements, with special involvement of chromosomes 11 and 19. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 36:406–412 (2003).
31.
Clarkson B, Pavenski K, Dupuis L, Kennedy S, Meyn S, Nezarati MM, Nie G, Weksberg R, Withers S, Quercia N, Teebi AS, Teshima I: Detecting rearrangements in children using subtelomeric FISH and SKY. Am J Med Genet 107:267–274 (2002).
32.
Coleman AE, Ried T, Janz S: Chromosomes 1 and 5 harbor plasmacytoma progressor genes in mice. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 29:70–74 (2000).
33.
Cottage A, Dowen S, Roberts I, Pett M, Coleman N, Stanley M: Early genetic events in HPV immortalised keratinocytes. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 30:72–79 (2001).
34.
Deans B, Griffin CS, O’Regan P, Jasin M, Thacker J: Homologous recombination deficiency leads to profound genetic instability in cells derived from Xrcc2-knockout mice. Cancer Res 63:8181–8187 (2003).
35.
Deng W, Tsao SW, Guan XY, Lucas JN, Si HX, Leung CS, Mak P, Wang LD, Cheung AL: Distinct profiles of critically short telomeres are a key determinant of different chromosome aberrations in immortalized human cells: whole-genome evidence from multiple cell lines. Oncogene 23:9090–9101 (2004).
36.
Elghezal H, Le Guyader G, Radford-Weiss I, Perot C, Van Den Akker J, Eydoux P, Vekemans M, Romana SP: Reassessment of childhood B-lineage lymphoblastic leukemia karyotypes using spectral analysis. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 30:383–392 (2001).
37.
Fadl-Elmula I, Kytola S, Pan Y, Lui WO, Derienzo G, Forsberg L, Mandahl N, Gorunova L, Bergerheim US, Heim S, Larsson C: Characterization of chromosomal abnormalities in uroepithelial carcinomas by G-banding, spectral karyotyping and FISH analysis. Int J Cancer 92:824–831 (2001).
38.
Fan YS, Zhang Y, Speevak M, Farrell S, Jung JH, Siu VM: Detection of submicroscopic aberrations in patients with unexplained mental retardation by fluorescence in situ hybridization using multiple subtelomeric probes. Genet Med 3:416–421 (2001).
39.
Ferguson DO, Sekiguchi JM, Chang S, Frank KM, Gao Y, DePinho RA, Alt FW: The nonhomologous end-joining pathway of DNA repair is required for genomic stability and the suppression of translocations. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 97:6630–6633 (2000).
40.
Frank O, Rudolph C, Heberlein C, von Neuhoff N, Schrock E, Schambach A, Schlegelberger B, Fehse B, Ostertag W, Stocking C, Baum C: Tumor cells escape suicide gene therapy by genetic and epigenetic instability. Blood 104:3543–3549 (2004).
41.
Garini Y, Gil A, Bar-Am I, Cabib D, Katzir N: Signal to noise analysis of multiple color fluorescence imaging microscopy. Cytometry 35:214–226 (1999).
42.
Ghadimi BM, Schrock E, Walker RL, Wangsa D, Jauho A, Meltzer PS, Ried T: Specific chromosomal aberrations and amplification of the AIB1 nuclear receptor coactivator gene in pancreatic carcinomas. Am J Pathol 154:525–536 (1999).
43.
Ghadimi BM, Sackett DL, Difilippantonio MJ, Schrock E, Neumann T, Jauho A, Auer G, Ried T: Centrosome amplification and instability occurs exclusively in aneuploid, but not in diploid colorectal cancer cell lines, and correlates with numerical chromosomal aberrations. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 27:183–190 (2000).
44.
Guanciali-Franchi P, Calabrese G, Morizio E, Fantasia D, Colosimo A, Rinaldi MM, Cristini L, Simonelli A, Lonardo F, Turci A, Zatterale A, Lagana C, Stuppia L, Sabatino G, Palka G: Identification of 14 rare marker chromosomes and derivatives by spectral karyotyping in prenatal and postnatal diagnosis. Am J Med Genet A 127:144–148 (2004).
45.
Guda K, Upender MB, Belinsky G, Flynn C, Nakanishi M, Marino JN, Ried T, Rosenberg DW: Carcinogen-induced colon tumors in mice are chromosomally stable and are characterized by low-level microsatellite instability. Oncogene 23:3813–3821 (2004).
46.
Guttenbach M, Steinlein C, Engel W, Schmid M: Cytogenetic characterization of the TM4 mouse Sertoli cell line. I. Conventional banding techniques, FISH and SKY. Cytogenet Cell Genet 94:71–78 (2001).
47.
Haddad BR, Schrock E, Meck J, Cowan J, Young H, Ferguson-Smith MA, du Manoir S, Ried T: Identification of de novo chromosomal markers and derivatives by spectral karyotyping. Hum Genet 103:619–625 (1998).
48.
Hao LY, Greider CW: Genomic instability in both wild-type and telomerase null MEFs. Chromosoma 113:62–68 (2004).
49.
Harding MA, Arden KC, Gildea JW, Gildea JJ, Perlman EJ, Viars C, Theodorescu D: Functional genomic comparison of lineage-related human bladder cancer cell lines with differing tumorigenic and metastatic potentials by spectral karyotyping, comparative genomic hybridization, and a novel method of positional expression profiling. Cancer Res 62:6981–6989 (2002).
50.
Hardt T, Himmelbauer H, Mann W, Ropers H, Haaf T: Towards identification of individual homologous chromosomes: comparative genomic hybridization and spectral karyotyping discriminate between paternal and maternal euchromatin in Mus musculus × M. spretus interspecific hybrids. Cytogenet Cell Genet 86:187–193 (1999).
51.
Harris CP, Lu XY, Narayan G, Singh B, Murty VV, Rao PH: Comprehensive molecular cytogenetic characterization of cervical cancer cell lines. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 36:233–241 (2003).
52.
Harris DL, Siu BL, Hummel M, Harbert K, Senft J, Sargent L, Wenger SL: Mosaic ring 12p and total anomalous pulmonary venous return. Am J Med Genet A 131:91–93 (2004).
53.
Helmrich A, Lee S, O’Brien P, Dorken B, Lowe SW, Schrock E, Schmitt CA: Recurrent chromosomal aberrations in INK4a/ARF defective primary lymphomas predict drug responses in vivo. Oncogene 24:4174–4182 (2005).
54.
Heng HH, Ye CJ, Yang F, Ebrahim S, Liu G, Bremer SW, Thomas CM, Ye J, Chen TJ, Tuck-Muller C, Yu JW, Krawetz SA, Johnson A: Analysis of marker or complex chromosomal rearrangements present in pre- and post-natal karyotypes utilizing a combination of G-banding, spectral karyotyping and fluorescence in situ hybridization. Clin Genet 63:358–367 (2003).
55.
Hermsen M, Snijders A, Guervos MA, Taenzer S, Koerner U, Baak J, Pinkel D, Albertson D, van Diest P, Meijer G, Schrock E: Centromeric chromosomal translocations show tissue-specific differences between squamous cell carcinomas and adenocarcinomas. Oncogene 24:1571–1579 (2005).
56.
Hida K, Hida Y, Amin DN, Flint AF, Panigrahy D, Morton CC, Klagsbrun M: Tumor-associated endothelial cells with cytogenetic abnormalities. Cancer Res 64:8249–8255 (2004).
57.
Hilgenfeld E, Padilla-Nash H, McNeil N, Knutsen T, Montagna C, Tchinda J, Horst J, Ludwig WD, Serve H, Buchner T, Berdel WE, Schrock E, Ried T: Spectral karyotyping and fluorescence in situ hybridization detect novel chromosomal aberrations, a recurring involvement of chromosome 21 and amplification of the MYC oncogene in acute myeloid leukaemia M2. Br J Haematol 113:305–317 (2001).
58.
Hodges CA, Ilagan A, Jennings D, Keri R, Nilson J, Hunt PA: Experimental evidence that changes in oocyte growth influence meiotic chromosome segregation. Hum Reprod 17:1171–1180 (2002).
59.
Houge G, Liehr T, Schoumans J, Ness GO, Solland K, Starke H, Claussen U, Stromme P, Akre B, Vermeulen S: Ten years follow up of a boy with a complex chromosomal rearrangement: going from a > 5 to 15-breakpoint CCR. Am J Med Genet A 118:235–240 (2003).
60.
Hsieh LJ, Hsieh TC, Yeh GP, Lin MI, Chen M, Wang BB: Prenatal diagnosis of a fetus affected with Down syndrome and deletion 1p36 syndrome by fluorescence in situ hybridization and spectral karyotyping. Fetal Diagn Ther 19:356–360 (2004).
61.
Hu Y, Pang E, Lai PB, Squire JA, MacGregor PF, Beheshti B, Albert M, Leung TW, Wong N: Genetic alterations in doxorubicin-resistant hepatocellular carcinoma cells: a combined study of spectral karyotyping, positional expression profiling and candidate genes. Int J Oncol 25:1357–1364 (2004).
62.
Huang B, Ning Y, Lamb AN, Sandlin CJ, Jamehdor M, Ried T, Bartley J: Identification of an unusual marker chromosome by spectral karyotyping. Am J Med Genet 80:368–372 (1998).
63.
Imamura T, Kakazu N, Hibi S, Morimoto A, Fukushima Y, Ijuin I, Hada S, Kitabayashi I, Abe T, Imashuku S: Rearrangement of the MOZ gene in pediatric therapy-related myelodysplastic syndrome with a novel chromosomal translocation t(2;8)(p23;p11). Genes Chromosomes Cancer 36:413–419 (2003).
64.
Joyama S, Ueda T, Shimizu K, Kudawara I, Mano M, Funai H, Takemura K, Yoshikawa H: Chromosome rearrangement at 17q25 and Xp11.2 in alveolar soft-part sarcoma: A case report and review of the literature. Cancer 86:1246–1250 (1999).
65.
Jyoko N, Kuroda J, Kimura S, Kobayashi Y, Yoshikawa T: Comprehensive cytogenetic study by spectral karyotyping on blastic natural killer cell leukemia/lymphoma. Am J Hematol 69:234–235 (2002).
66.
Kakazu N, Taniwaki M, Horiike S, Nishida K, Tatekawa T, Nagai M, Takahashi T, Akaogi T, et al: Combined spectral karyotyping and DAPI banding analysis of chromosome abnormalities in myelodysplastic syndrome. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 26:336–345 (1999).
67.
Kakazu N, Kito K, Hitomi T, Oita J, Nishida K, Masuda K, Miki T, Abe T: Characterization of complex chromosomal abnormalities in B-cell lymphoma by a combined spectral karyotyping (SKY) analysis and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) using a 14q telomere probe. Am J Hematol 65:291–297 (2000).
68.
Kanayama H, Lui WO, Takahashi M, Naroda T, Kedra D, Wong FK, Kuroki Y, Nakahori Y, Larsson C, Kagawa S, Teh BT: Association of a novel constitutional translocation t(1q;3q) with familial renal cell carcinoma. J Med Genet 38:165–170 (2001).
69.
Karlsson A, Deb-Basu D, Cherry A, Turner S, Ford J, Felsher DW: Defective double-strand DNA break repair and chromosomal translocations by MYC overexpression. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 100:9974–9979 (2003).
70.
Kelly L, Clark J, Gilliland DG: Comprehensive genotypic analysis of leukemia: clinical and therapeutic implications. Curr Opin Oncol 14:10–18 (2002).
71.
Knutsen T, Pack S, Petropavlovskaja M, Padilla-Nash H, Knight C, Mickley LA, Ried T, Elwood PC, Roberts SJ: Cytogenetic, spectral karyotyping, fluorescence in situ hybridization, and comparative genomic hybridization characterization of two new secondary leukemia cell lines with 5q deletions, and MYC and MLL amplification. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 37:270–281 (2003).
72.
Knutsen T, Gobu V, Knaus R, Padilla-Nash H, Augustus M, Strausberg RL, Kirsch IR, Sirotkin K, Ried T: The interactive online SKY/M-FISH and CGH database and the Entrez cancer chromosomes search database: linkage of chromosomal aberrations with the genome sequence. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 44:52–64 (2005).
73.
Kotchetkov R, Cinatl J, Blaheta R, Vogel JU, Karaskova J, Squire J, Hernaiz Driever P, Klingebiel T, Cinatl J Jr: Development of resistance to vincristine and doxorubicin in neuroblastoma alters malignant properties and induces additional karyotype changes: a preclinical model. Int J Cancer 104:36–43 (2003).
74.
Kotzot D, Holland H, Kohler M, Froster UG: A complex chromosome rearrangement involving chromosome 8, 11, and 12 analyzed by conventional cytogenetic investigations, fluorescence in situ hybridisation, and spectral karyotyping. Ann Genet 44:135–138 (2001).
75.
Krex D, Mohr B, Hauses M, Ehninger G, Schackert HK, Schackert G: Identification of uncommon chromosomal aberrations in the neuroglioma cell line H4 by spectral karyotyping. J Neurooncol 52:119–128 (2001).
76.
Kubota H, Nishizaki T, Harada K, Harada K, Oga A, Ito H, Suzuki M, Sasaki K: Identification of recurrent chromosomal rearrangements and the unique relationship between low-level amplification and translocation in glioblastoma. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 31:125–133 (2001).
77.
Kullendorff CM, Mertens F, Donner M, Wiebe T, Akerman M, Mandahl N: Cytogenetic aberrations in Ewing sarcoma: are secondary changes associated with clinical outcome? Med Pediatr Oncol 32:79–83 (1999).
78.
Kuroda J, Kimura S, Akaogi T, Hayashi H, Nishida K, Kakazu N, Abe T: Aggressive natural killer cell leukemia/lymphoma: a comprehensive cytogenetic study by spectral karyotyping. Ann Hematol 79:519–522 (2000).
79.
Kytola S, Rummukainen J, Nordgren A, Karhu R, Farnebo F, Isola J, Larsson C: Chromosomal alterations in 15 breast cancer cell lines by comparative genomic hybridization and spectral karyotyping. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 28:308–317 (2000).
80.
Lau CC, Harris CP, Lu XY, Perlaky L, Gogineni S, Chintagumpala M, Hicks J, Johnson ME, et al: Frequent amplification and rearrangement of chromosomal bands 6p12→p21 and 17p11.2 in osteosarcoma. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 39:11–21 (2004).
81.
Le Beau MM, Bitts S, Davis EM, Kogan SC: Recurring chromosomal abnormalities in leukemia in PML-RARA transgenic mice parallel human acute promyelocytic leukemia. Blood 99:2985–2991 (2002).
82.
Le Beau MM, Davis EM, Patel B, Phan VT, Sohal J, Kogan SC: Recurring chromosomal abnormalities in leukemia in PML-RARA transgenic mice identify cooperating events and genetic pathways to acute promyelocytic leukemia. Blood 102:1072–1074 (2003).
83.
Lee C, Gisselsson D, Jin C, Nordgren A, Ferguson DO, Blennow E, Fletcher JA, Morton CC: Limitations of chromosome classification by multicolor karyotyping. Am J Hum Genet 68:1043–1047 (2001).
84.
Leppig KA, Ball S, Au K, Opheim KE, Norwood T: Familial cryptic (20;21) translocation identified by in situ hybridization technologies. Am J Med Genet 93:273–277 (2000).
85.
Lindvall C, Nordenskjold M, Porwit A, Bjorkholm M, Blennow E: Molecular cytogenetic characterization of acute myeloid leukemia and myelodysplastic syndromes with multiple chromosome rearrangements. Haematologica 86:1158–1164 (2001).
86.
Lindvall C, Furge K, Bjorkholm M, Guo X, Haab B, Blennow E, Nordenskjold M, Teh BT: Combined genetic and transcriptional profiling of acute myeloid leukemia with normal and complex karyotypes. Haematologica 89:1072–1081 (2004).
87.
Liu J, Blackhall F, Seiden-Long I, Jurisica I, Navab R, Liu N, Radulovich N, Wigle D, et al: Modeling of lung cancer by an orthotopically growing H460SM variant cell line reveals novel candidate genes for systemic metastasis. Oncogene 23:6316–6324 (2004).
88.
Liyanage M, Coleman A, du Manoir S, Veldman T, McCormack S, Dickson RB, Barlow C, Wynshaw-Boris A, Janz S, Wienberg J, Ferguson-Smith MA, Schrock E, Ried T: Multicolour spectral karyotyping of mouse chromosomes. Nat Genet 14:312–315 (1996).
89.
Lu XY, Harris CP, Cooley L, Margolin J, Steuber PC, Sheldon M, Rao PH, Lau CC: The utility of spectral karyotyping in the cytogenetic analysis of newly diagnosed pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Leukemia 16:2222–2227 (2002).
90.
Lualdi E, Modena P, Debiec-Rychter M, Pedeutour F, Teixeira MR, Facchinetti F, Dagrada GP, Pilotti S, Sozzi G: Molecular cytogenetic characterization of proximal-type epithelioid sarcoma. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 41:283–290 (2004).
91.
Lui WO, Kytola S, Anfalk L, Larsson C, Farnebo LO: Balanced translocation (3;7)(p25;q34): another mechanism of tumorigenesis in follicular thyroid carcinoma? Cancer Genet Cytogenet 119:109–112 (2000).
92.
MacLeod RA, Spitzer D, Bar-Am I, Sylvester JE, Kaufmann M, Wernich A, Drexler HG: Karyotypic dissection of Hodgkin’s disease cell lines reveals ectopic subtelomeres and ribosomal DNA at sites of multiple jumping translocations and genomic amplification. Leukemia 14:1803–1814 (2000).
93.
Marquez C, Cohen J, Munne S: Chromosome identification in human oocytes and polar bodies by spectral karyotyping. Cytogenet Cell Genet 81:254–258 (1998).
94.
Mathew S, Rao PH, Dalton J, Downing JR, Raimondi SC: Multicolor spectral karyotyping identifies novel translocations in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Leukemia 15:468–472 (2001).
95.
Matsui S, Sait S, Jones CA, Nowak N, Gross KW: Rapid localization of transgenes in mouse chromosomes with a combined Spectral Karyotyping/FISH technique. Mamm Genome 13:680–685 (2002).
96.
Matthaei A, Werner W, Gerlach EM, Koerner U, Tinschert S, Nitz I, Herr A, Rump A, Bartsch O, Hinkel KG, Schrock E, Oexle K: Small reciprocal insertion detected by spectral karyotyping (SKY) and delimited by array-CGH analysis. Eur J Med Genet 48:328–338 (2005).
97.
McCormack SJ, Weaver Z, Deming S, Natarajan G, Torri J, Johnson MD, Liyanage M, Ried T, Dickson RB: Myc/p53 interactions in transgenic mouse mammary development, tumorigenesis and chromosomal instability. Oncogene 16:2755–2766 (1998).
98.
McHugh MM, Gawron LS, Matsui S, Beerman TA: The antitumor enediyne C-1027 alters cell cycle progression and induces chromosomal aberrations and telomere dysfunction. Cancer Res 65:5344–5351 (2005).
99.
Mehra S, Messner H, Minden M, Chaganti RS: Molecular cytogenetic characterization of non-Hodgkin lymphoma cell lines. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 33:225–234 (2002).
100.
Melcher R, von Golitschek R, Steinlein C, Schindler D, Neitzel H, Kainer K, Schmid M, Hoehn H: Spectral karyotyping of Werner syndrome fibroblast cultures. Cytogenet Cell Genet 91:180–185 (2000).
101.
Melcher R, Koehler S, Steinlein C, Schmid M, Mueller CR, Luehrs H, Menzel T, Scheppach W, Moerk H, Scheurlen M, Koehrle J, Al-Taie O: Spectral karyotype analysis of colon cancer cell lines of the tumor suppressor and mutator pathway. Cytogenet Genome Res 98:22–28 (2002).
102.
Menzel T, Melcher R, Koehler S, Dusel G, Backhaus K, Ott G, Breithaupt W, Al-Taie O, Schauber J, Gostner A, Scheppach W, Luhrs H: Establishment of a colonic adenoma cell line (GEKI-2): spectral karyotype analysis and functional characterization. Int J Colorectal Dis 19:12–17 (2004).
103.
Modlich U, Kustikova OS, Schmidt M, Rudolph C, Meyer J, Li Z, Kamino K, von Neuhoff N, et al: Leukemias following retroviral transfer of multidrug resistance 1 (MDR1) are driven by combinatorial insertional mutagenesis. Blood 105:4235–4246 (2005).
104.
Mohr B, Illmer T: Structural chromosomal aberrations in the colon cancer cell line HCT 116 – results of investigations based on spectral karyotyping. Cytogenet Genome Res 108:359–361 (2005).
105.
Mohr B, Bornhauser M, Thiede C, Schakel U, Schaich M, Illmer T, Pascheberg U, Ehninger G: Comparison of spectral karyotyping and conventional cytogenetics in 39 patients with acute myeloid leukemia and myelodysplastic syndrome. Leukemia 14:1031–1038 (2000).
106.
Montagna C, Andrechek ER, Padilla-Nash H, Muller WJ, Ried T: Centrosome abnormalities, recurring deletions of chromosome 4, and genomic amplification of HER2/neu define mouse mammary gland adenocarcinomas induced by mutant HER2/neu. Oncogene 21:890–898 (2002).
107.
Montagna C, Lyu MS, Hunter K, Lukes L, Lowther W, Reppert T, Hissong B, Weaver Z, Ried T: The Septin 9 (MSF) gene is amplified and overexpressed in mouse mammary gland adenocarcinomas and human breast cancer cell lines. Cancer Res 63:2179–2187 (2003).
108.
Moore CM, Janish C, Eddy CA, Hubbard GB, Leland MM, Rogers J: Cytogenetic and fertility studies of a rheboon, rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta) × baboon (apio hamadryas) cross: further support for a single karyotype nomenclature. Am J Phys Anthropol 110:119–127 (1999).
109.
Mrozek K, Heinonen K, Theil KS, Bloomfield CD: Spectral karyotyping in patients with acute myeloid leukemia and a complex karyotype shows hidden aberrations, including recurrent overrepresentation of 21q, 11q, and 22q. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 34:137–153 (2002).
110.
Musio A, Montagna C, Zambroni D, Indino E, Barbieri O, Citti L, Villa A, Ried T, Vezzoni P: Inhibition of BUB1 results in genomic instability and anchorage-independent growth of normal human fibroblasts. Cancer Res 63:2855–2863 (2003).
111.
Nanjangud G, Rao PH, Hegde A, Teruya-Feldstein J, Donnelly G, Qin J, Jhanwar SC, Zelenetz AD, Chaganti RS: Spectral karyotyping identifies new rearrangements, translocations, and clinical associations in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. Blood 99:2554–2561 (2002).
112.
Naus NC, van Drunen E, de Klein A, Luyten GP, Paridaens DA, Alers JC, Ksander BR, Beverloo HB, Slater RM: Characterization of complex chromosomal abnormalities in uveal melanoma by fluorescence in situ hybridization, spectral karyotyping, and comparative genomic hybridization. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 30:267–273 (2001).
113.
Ning Y, Laundon CH, Schrock E, Buchanan P, Ried T: Prenatal diagnosis of a mosaic extra structurally abnormal chromosome by spectral karyotyping. Prenat Diagn 19:480–482 (1999).
114.
Nomura K, Kanda-Akano Y, Shimizu D, Okuda T, Yoshida N, Matsumoto Y, Nishida K, Taki T, Yokota S, Horiike S, Taniwaki M: An additional segment at 1p36 derived from der(18)t(14;18) in patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphomas transformed from follicular lymphoma. Ann Hematol 84:474–476 (2005).
115.
Nordgren A, Farnebo F, Johansson B, Holmgren G, Forestier E, Larsson C, Soderhall S, Nordenskjold M, Blennow E: Identification of numerical and structural chromosome aberrations in 15 high hyperdiploid childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemias using spectral karyotyping. Eur J Haematol 66:297–304 (2001a).
116.
Nordgren A, Schoumans J, Soderhall S, Nordenskjold M, Blennow E: Interphase fluorescence in situ hybridization and spectral karyotyping reveals hidden genetic aberrations in children with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia and a normal banded karyotype. Br J Haematol 114:786–793 (2001b).
117.
Nordgren A, Heyman M, Sahlen S, Schoumans J, Soderhall S, Nordenskjold M, Blennow E: Spectral karyotyping and interphase FISH reveal abnormalities not detected by conventional G-banding. Implications for treatment stratification of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukaemia: detailed analysis of 70 cases. Eur J Haematol 68:31–41 (2002).
118.
Odero MD, Carlson K, Calasanz MJ, Lahortiga I, Chinwalla V, Rowley JD: Identification of new translocations involving ETV6 in hematologic malignancies by fluorescence in situ hybridization and spectral karyotyping. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 31:134–142 (2001).
119.
Pan Y, Kytola S, Farnebo F, Wang N, Lui WO, Nupponen N, Isola J, Visakorpi T, Bergerheim US, Larsson C: Characterization of chromosomal abnormalities in prostate cancer cell lines by spectral karyotyping. Cytogenet Cell Genet 87:225–232 (1999).
120.
Pandita A, Zielenska M, Thorner P, Bayani J, Godbout R, Greenberg M, Squire JA: Application of comparative genomic hybridization, spectral karyotyping, and microarray analysis in the identification of subtype-specific patterns of genomic changes in rhabdomyosarcoma. Neoplasia 1:262–275 (1999).
121.
Pang E, Wong N, Lai PB, To KF, Lau JW, Johnson PJ: A comprehensive karyotypic analysis on a newly developed hepatocellular carcinoma cell line, HKCI-1, by spectral karyotyping and comparative genomic hybridization. Cancer Genet Cytogenet 121:9–16 (2000).
122.
Pang E, Wong N, Lai PB, To KF, Lau WY, Johnson PJ: Consistent chromosome 10 rearrangements in four newly established human hepatocellular carcinoma cell lines. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 33:150–159 (2002).
123.
Parham DM, Bridge JA, Lukacs JL, Ding Y, Tryka AF, Sawyer JR: Cytogenetic distinction among benign fibro-osseous lesions of bone in children and adolescents: value of karyotypic findings in differential diagnosis. Pediatr Dev Pathol 7:148–158 (2004).
124.
Pavlovich CP, Padilla-Nash H, Wangsa D, Nickerson ML, Matrosova V, Linehan WM, Ried T, Phillips JL: Patterns of aneuploidy in stage IV clear cell renal cell carcinoma revealed by comparative genomic hybridization and spectral karyotyping. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 37:252–260 (2003).
125.
Pellestor F, Anahory T, Hamamah S: The chromosomal analysis of human oocytes. An overview of established procedures. Hum Reprod Update 11:15–32 (2005).
126.
Peschka B, Leygraaf J, Hansmann D, Hansmann M, Schrock E, Ried T, Engels H, Schwanitz G, Schubert R: Analysis of a de novo complex chromosome rearrangement involving chromosomes 4, 11, 12 and 13 and eight breakpoints by conventional cytogenetic, fluorescence in situ hybridization and spectral karyotyping. Prenat Diagn 19:1143–1149 (1999).
127.
Phelan MC, Blackburn W, Rogers RC, Crawford EC, Cooley NR Jr, Schrock E, Ning Y, Ried T: FISH analysis of a complex chromosome rearrangement involving nine breakpoints on chromosomes 6, 12, 14 and 16. Prenat Diagn 18:1174–1180 (1998).
128.
Phillips JL, Ghadimi BM, Wangsa D, Padilla-Nash H, Worrell R, Hewitt S, Walther M, Linehan WM, et al: Molecular cytogenetic characterization of early and late renal cell carcinomas in von Hippel-Lindau disease. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 31:1–9 (2001).
129.
Pons M, Cigudosa JC, Rodriguez-Perales S, Bella JL, Gonzalez C, Gamallo C, Quintanilla M: Chromosomal instability and phenotypic plasticity during the squamous-spindle carcinoma transition: association of a specific T(14;15) with malignant progression. Oncogene 24:7608–7618 (2005).
130.
Popescu NC: Comprehensive genetic analysis of cancer cells. J Cell Mol Med 4:151–163 (2000).
131.
Qi L, Strong MA, Karim BO, Huso DL, Greider CW: Telomere fusion to chromosome breaks reduces oncogenic translocations and tumor formation. Nat Cell Biol 7:706–711 (2005).
132.
Ragin CC, Reshmi SC, Gollin SM: Mapping and analysis of HPV16 integration sites in a head and neck cancer cell line. Int J Cancer 110:701–709 (2004).
133.
Rao PH, Cigudosa JC, Ning Y, Calasanz MJ, Iida S, Tagawa S, Michaeli J, Klein B, Dalla-Favera R, Jhanwar SC, Ried T, Chaganti RS: Multicolor spectral karyotyping identifies new recurring breakpoints and translocations in multiple myeloma. Blood 92:1743–1748 (1998).
134.
Rao PH, Harris CP, Yan Lu X, Li XN, Mok SC, Lau CC: Multicolor spectral karyotyping of serous ovarian adenocarcinoma. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 33:123–132 (2002).
135.
Reddy KS, Wang S, Groh S, Gonatos J: SKY assessment of two karyotypes with 0–6 supernumerary marker/ring chromosomes and review of previously reported cases with two or more markers. Am J Med Genet A 118:156–171 (2003).
136.
Rehen SK, McConnell MJ, Kaushal D, Kingsbury MA, Yang AH, Chun J: Chromosomal variation in neurons of the developing and adult mammalian nervous system. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 98:13361–13366 (2001).
137.
Rennstam K, Baldetorp B, Kytola S, Tanner M, Isola J: Chromosomal rearrangements and oncogene amplification precede aneuploidization in the genetic evolution of breast cancer. Cancer Res 61:1214–1219 (2001).
138.
Reshmi SC, Saunders WS, Kudla DM, Ragin CR, Gollin SM: Chromosomal instability and marker chromosome evolution in oral squamous cell carcinoma. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 41:38–46 (2004).
139.
Roberts I, Gordon A, Wang R, Pritchard-Jones K, Shipley J, Coleman N: Molecular cytogenetic analysis consistently identifies translocations involving chromosomes 1, 2 and 15 in five embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma cell lines and a PAX-FOXO1A fusion gene negative alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma cell line. Cytogenet Cell Genet 95:134–142 (2001).
140.
Rodriguez-Perales S, Martinez-Ramirez A, de Andres SA, Valle L, Urioste M, Benitez J, Cigudosa JC: Molecular cytogenetic characterization of rhabdomyosarcoma cell lines. Cancer Genet Cytogenet 148:35–43 (2004).
141.
Roschke AV, Tonon G, Gehlhaus KS, McTyre N, Bussey KJ, Lababidi S, Scudiero DA, Weinstein JN, Kirsch IR: Karyotypic complexity of the NCI-60 drug-screening panel. Cancer Res 63:8634–8647 (2003).
142.
Rowley JD, Reshmi S, Carlson K, Roulston D: Spectral karyotype analysis of T-cell acute leukemia. Blood 93:2038–2042 (1999).
143.
Sait SN, Qadir MU, Conroy JM, Matsui S, Nowak NJ, Baer MR: Double minute chromosomes in acute myeloid leukemia and myelodysplastic syndrome: identification of new amplification regions by fluorescence in situ hybridization and spectral karyotyping. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 34:42–47 (2002).
144.
Samper E, Goytisolo FA, Menissier-de Murcia J, Gonzalez-Suarez E, Cigudosa JC, de Murcia G, Blasco MA: Normal telomere length and chromosomal end capping in poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-deficient mice and primary cells despite increased chromosomal instability. J Cell Biol 154:49–60 (2001).
145.
Sandalinas M, Marquez C, Munne S: Spectral karyotyping of fresh, non-inseminated oocytes. Mol Hum Reprod 8:580–585 (2002).
146.
Sargent LM, Senft JR, Lowry DT, Jefferson AM, Tyson FL, Malkinson AM, Coleman AE, Reynolds SH: Specific chromosomal aberrations in mouse lung adenocarcinoma cell lines detected by spectral karyotyping: a comparison with human lung adenocarcinoma. Cancer Res 62:1152–1157 (2002).
147.
Sawyer JR, Lukacs JL, Munshi N, Desikan KR, Singhal S, Mehta J, Siegel D, Shaughnessy J, Barlogie B: Identification of new nonrandom translocations in multiple myeloma with multicolor spectral karyotyping. Blood 92:4269–4278 (1998).
148.
Sawyer JR, Lukacs JL, Thomas EL, Swanson CM, Goosen LS, Sammartino G, Gilliland JC, Munshi NC, et al: Multicolour spectral karyotyping identifies new translocations and a recurring pathway for chromosome loss in multiple myeloma. Br J Haematol 112:167–174 (2001).
149.
Sawyer JR, Tricot G, Lukacs JL, Binz RL, Tian E, Barlogie B, Shaughnessy J Jr: Genomic instability in multiple myeloma: evidence for jumping segmental duplications of chromosome arm 1q. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 42:95–106 (2005).
150.
Schaeffer AJ, Nguyen M, Liem A, Lee D, Montagna C, Lambert PF, Ried T, Difilippantonio MJ: E6 and E7 oncoproteins induce distinct patterns of chromosomal aneuploidy in skin tumors from transgenic mice. Cancer Res 64:538–546 (2004).
151.
Schreurs MW, Hermsen MA, Klein Geltink RI, Scholten KB, Brink AA, Kueter EW, Tijssen M, Meijer CJ, et al: Genomic stability and functional activity may be lost in telomerase transduced human CD8+ T lymphocytes. Blood 106:2663–2670 (2005).
152.
Schrock E, Padilla-Nash H: Spectral karyotyping and multicolor fluorescence in situ hybridization reveal new tumor-specific chromosomal aberrations. Semin Hematol 37:334–347 (2000).
153.
Schrock E, du Manoir S, Veldman T, Schoell B, Wienberg J, Ferguson-Smith MA, Ning Y, Ledbetter DH, et al: Multicolor spectral karyotyping of human chromosomes. Science 273:494–497 (1996).
154.
Schrock E, Veldman T, Padilla-Nash H, Ning Y, Spurbeck J, Jalal S, Shaffer LG, Papenhausen P, et al: Spectral karyotyping refines cytogenetic diagnostics of constitutional chromosomal abnormalities. Hum Genet 101:255–262 (1997).
155.
Shen SX, Weaver Z, Xu X, Li C, Weinstein M, Chen L, Guan XY, Ried T, Deng CX: A targeted disruption of the murine Brca1 gene causes gamma-irradiation hypersensitivity and genetic instability. Oncogene 17:3115–3124 (1998).
156.
Shing DC, Morley-Jacob CA, Roberts I, Nacheva E, Coleman N: Ewing’s tumor: novel recurrent chromosomal abnormalities demonstrated by molecular cytogenetic analysis of seven cell lines and one primary culture. Cytogenet Genome Res 97:20–27 (2002).
157.
Singh B, Gogineni SK, Sacks PG, Shaha AR, Shah JP, Stoffel A, Rao PH: Molecular cytogenetic characterization of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma and refinement of 3q amplification. Cancer Res 61:4506–4513 (2001).
158.
Sirivatanauksorn V, Sirivatanauksorn Y, Gorman PA, Davidson JM, Sheer D, Moore PS, Scarpa A, Edwards PA, Lemoine NR: Non-random chromosomal rearrangements in pancreatic cancer cell lines identified by spectral karyotyping. Int J Cancer 91:350–358 (2001).
159.
Sjogren H, Dahlenfors R, Stenman G, Mark J: Observations by G-banding and multicolor spectral karyotyping in a salivary gland basal cell adenoma. Virchows Arch 442:86–87 (2003a).
160.
Sjogren H, Meis-Kindblom JM, Orndal C, Bergh P, Ptaszynski K, Aman P, Kindblom LG, Stenman G: Studies on the molecular pathogenesis of extraskeletal myxoid chondrosarcoma-cytogenetic, molecular genetic, and cDNA microarray analyses. Am J Pathol 162:781–792 (2003b).
161.
Slater DJ, Hilgenfeld E, Rappaport EF, Shah N, Meek RG, Williams WR, Lovett BD, Osheroff N, et al: MLL-SEPTIN6 fusion recurs in novel translocation of chromosomes 3, X, and 11 in infant acute myelomonocytic leukaemia and in t(X;11) in infant acute myeloid leukaemia, and MLL genomic breakpoint in complex MLL-SEPTIN6 rearrangement is a DNA topoisomerase II cleavage site. Oncogene 21:4706–4714 (2002).
162.
Squire JA, Bayani J, Luk C, Unwin L, Tokunaga J, MacMillan C, Irish J, Brown D, et al: Molecular cytogenetic analysis of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma: By comparative genomic hybridization, spectral karyotyping, and expression array analysis. Head Neck 24:874–887 (2002).
163.
Srivastava M, Montagna C, Leighton X, Glasman M, Naga S, Eidelman O, Ried T, Pollard HB: Haploinsufficiency of Anx7 tumor suppressor gene and consequent genomic instability promotes tumorigenesis in the Anx7(+/–) mouse. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 100:14287–14292 (2003).
164.
Stark B, Jeison M, Bar-Am I, Glaser-Gabay L, Mardoukh J, Luria D, Feinmesser M, Goshen Y, et al: Distinct cytogenetic pathways of advanced-stage neuroblastoma tumors, detected by spectral karyotyping. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 34:313–324 (2002).
165.
Sy SM, Fan B, Lee TW, Mok TS, Pang E, Yim A, Wong N: Spectral karyotyping indicates complex rearrangements in lung adenocarcinoma of nonsmokers. Cancer Genet Cytogenet 153:57–59 (2004a).
166.
Sy SM, Wong N, Lee TW, Tse G, Mok TS, Fan B, Pang E, Johnson PJ, Yim A: Distinct patterns of genetic alterations in adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma of the lung. Eur J Cancer 40:1082–1094 (2004b).
167.
Tabet AC, Gosset P, Elghezal H, Fontaine S, Martinovic J, Encha Razavi F, Romana S, Vekemans M, Morichon-Delvallez N: Prenatal diagnosis and characterization of an analphoid marker chromosome 16. Prenat Diagn 24:733–736 (2004).
168.
Tanemura M, Suzumori K, Nishikawa N, Ishihara Y: Multicolour spectral karyotyping for complex chromosomal rearrangements in repeated abortion or congenital anomalies. Prenat Diagn 21:1123–1128 (2001).
169.
Tchinda J, Volpert S, Neumann T, Kennerknecht I, Ritter J, Buchner T, Berdel WE, Horst J: Novel der(1)t(1;19) in two patients with myeloid neoplasias. Cancer Genet Cytogenet 133:61–65 (2002).
170.
Tonon G, Roschke A, Stover K, Shou Y, Kuehl WM, Kirsch IR: Spectral karyotyping combined with locus-specific FISH simultaneously defines genes and chromosomes involved in chromosomal translocations. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 27:418–423 (2000).
171.
Tsao L, Draoua HY, Osunkwo I, Nandula SV, Murty VV, Mansukhani M, Bhagat G, Alobeid B: Mature B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia with t(9;11) translocation: a distinct subset of B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Mod Pathol 17:832–839 (2004).
172.
van Bokhoven A, Caires A, Maria MD, Schulte AP, Lucia MS, Nordeen SK, Miller GJ, Varella-Garcia M: Spectral karyotype (SKY) analysis of human prostate carcinoma cell lines. Prostate 57:226–244 (2003).
173.
Vaziri H, Squire JA, Pandita TK, Bradley G, Kuba RM, Zhang H, Gulyas S, Hill RP, et al: Analysis of genomic integrity and p53-dependent G1 checkpoint in telomerase-induced extended-life-span human fibroblasts. Mol Cell Biol 19:2373–2379 (1999).
174.
Veldman T, Vignon C, Schrock E, Rowley JD, Ried T: Hidden chromosome abnormalities in haematological malignancies detected by multicolour spectral karyotyping. Nat Genet 15:406–410 (1997).
175.
Wang Y, Xue H, Cutz JC, Bayani J, Mawji NR, Chen WG, Goetz LJ, Hayward SW, et al: An orthotopic metastatic prostate cancer model in SCID mice via grafting of a transplantable human prostate tumor line. Lab Invest 85:1392–1404 (2005).
176.
Weaver ZA, McCormack SJ, Liyanage M, du Manoir S, Coleman A, Schrock E, Dickson RB, Ried T: A recurring pattern of chromosomal aberrations in mammary gland tumors of MMTV-cmyc transgenic mice. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 25:251–260 (1999).
177.
Weaver Z, Montagna C, Xu X, Howard T, Gadina M, Brodie SG, Deng CX, Ried T: Mammary tumors in mice conditionally mutant for Brca1 exhibit gross genomic instability and centrosome amplification yet display a recurring distribution of genomic imbalances that is similar to human breast cancer. Oncogene 21:5097–5107 (2002).
178.
Weimer J, Koehler MR, Wiedemann U, Attermeyer P, Jacobsen A, Karow D, Kiechl M, Jonat W, Arnold N: Highly comprehensive karyotype analysis by a combination of spectral karyotyping (SKY), microdissection, and reverse painting (SKY-MD). Chromosome Res 9:395–402 (2001).
179.
Wiener F, Kuschak TI, Ohno S, Mai S: Deregulated expression of c-Myc in a translocation-negative plasmacytoma on extrachromosomal elements that carry IgH and myc genes. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 96:13967–13972 (1999).
180.
Wong KF, So CC, Wong N, Siu LL, Kwong YL, Chan JK: Sinonasal angiosarcoma with marrow involvement at presentation mimicking malignant lymphoma: cytogenetic analysis using multiple techniques. Cancer Genet Cytogenet 129:64–68 (2001).
181.
Wong N, Lai P, Pang E, Leung TW, Lau JW, Johnson PJ: A comprehensive karyotypic study on human hepatocellular carcinoma by spectral karyotyping. Hepatology 32:1060–1068 (2000).
182.
Wong N, Hui AB, Fan B, Lo KW, Pang E, Leung SF, Huang DP, Johnson PJ: Molecular cytogenetic characterization of nasopharyngeal carcinoma cell lines and xenografts by comparative genomic hybridization and spectral karyotyping. Cancer Genet Cytogenet 140:124–132 (2003).
183.
Wong QW, Wong N, Lai PB, To KF, Wong N: Clonal relationship of tumor nodules in hepatocellular carcinoma: a hierarchical clustering analysis of comparative genomic hybridization data. Hum Pathol 36:893–898 (2005).
184.
Xu J, Chen Z: Advances in molecular cytogenetics for the evaluation of mental retardation. Am J Med Genet C Semin Med Genet 117:15–24 (2003).
185.
Yamashita Y, Nishida K, Okuda T, Nomura K, Matsumoto Y, Mitsufuji S, Horiike S, Hata H, Sakakura C, Hagiwara A, Yamagishi H, Taniwaki M: Recurrent chromosomal rearrangements at bands 8q24 and 11q13 in gastric cancer as detected by multicolor spectral karyotyping. World J Gastroenterol 11:5129–5135 (2005).
186.
Yaron Y, Carmon E, Goldstein M, Voskoboinik N, Ochshorn Y, Gelman-Kohan Z, Orr-Urtreger A: The clinical application of spectral karyotyping (SKY) in the analysis of prenatally diagnosed extra structurally abnormal chromosomes (ESACs). Prenat Diagn 23:74–79 (2003).
187.
Ye CJ, Lu W, Liu G, Bremer SW, Wang YA, Moens P, Hughes M, Krawetz SA, Heng HH: The combination of SKY and specific loci detection with FISH or immunostaining. Cytogenet Cell Genet 93:195–202 (2001).
188.
Zhang FF, Murata-Collins JL, Gaytan P, Forman SJ, Kopecky KJ, Willman CL, Appelbaum FR, Slovak ML: Twenty-four-color spectral karyotyping reveals chromosome aberrations in cytogenetically normal acute myeloid leukemia. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 28:318–328 (2000).
189.
Zielenska M, Zhang ZM, Ng K, Marrano P, Bayani J, Ramirez OC, Sorensen P, Thorner P, et al: Acquisition of secondary structural chromosomal changes in pediatric Ewing sarcoma is a probable prognostic factor for tumor response and clinical outcome. Cancer 91:2156–2164 (2001).
190.
Zimonjic DB, Pollock JL, Westervelt P, Popescu NC, Ley TJ: Acquired, nonrandom chromosomal abnormalities associated with the development of acute promyelocytic leukemia in transgenic mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 97:13306–13311 (2000).
191.
Zimonjic DB, Keck-Waggoner C, Popescu NC: Novel genomic imbalances and chromosome translocations involving c-myc gene in Burkitt’s lymphoma. Leukemia 15:1582–1588 (2001).
192.
Zitzelsberger H, Bruch J, Smida J, Hieber L, Peddie CM, Bryant PE, Riches AC, Fung J, et al: Clonal chromosomal aberrations in simian virus 40-transfected human thyroid cells and in derived tumors developed after in vitro irradiation. Int J Cancer 96:166–177 (2001).
© 2006 S. Karger AG, Basel
2006
Copyright / Drug Dosage / Disclaimer
Copyright: All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be translated into other languages, reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, microcopying, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher.
Drug Dosage: The authors and the publisher have exerted every effort to ensure that drug selection and dosage set forth in this text are in accord with current recommendations and practice at the time of publication. However, in view of ongoing research, changes in government regulations, and the constant flow of information relating to drug therapy and drug reactions, the reader is urged to check the package insert for each drug for any changes in indications and dosage and for added warnings and precautions. This is particularly important when the recommended agent is a new and/or infrequently employed drug.
Disclaimer: The statements, opinions and data contained in this publication are solely those of the individual authors and contributors and not of the publishers and the editor(s). The appearance of advertisements or/and product references in the publication is not a warranty, endorsement, or approval of the products or services advertised or of their effectiveness, quality or safety. The publisher and the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to persons or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content or advertisements.
You do not currently have access to this content.