This article represents the recommendations for the management of spontaneous intracerebral haemorrhage of the European Stroke Initiative (EUSI). These recommendations are endorsed by the 3 European societies which are represented in the EUSI: the European Stroke Council, the European Neurological Society and the European Federation of Neurological Societies.

Keywords:
Haemorrhage, intracerebral, European Stroke Initiative, recommendation
1.
Flaherty ML, Woo D, Haverbusch M, Sekar P, Khoury J, Sauerbeck L, Moomaw CJ, Schneider A, Kissela B, Kleindorfer D, Broderick JP: Racial variations in location and risk of intracerebral hemorrhage. Stroke 2005;36:934–937.
2.
Zhang LF, Yang J, Hong Z, Yuan GG, Zhou BF, Zhao LC, Huang YN, Chen J, Wu YF: Proportion of different subtypes of stroke in China. Stroke 2003;34:2091–2096.
3.
Ayala C, Croft JB, Greenlund KJ, Keenan NL, Donehoo RS, Malarcher AM, Mensah GA: Sex differences in US mortality rates for stroke and stroke subtypes by race/ethnicity and age, 1995–1998. Stroke 2002;33:1197–1201.
4.
Skidmore CT, Andrefsky J: Spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage: epidemiology, pathophysiology and medical management. Neurosurg Clin N Am 2002;13:281–288.
5.
Qureshi AI, Tuhrim S, Broderick JP, Batjer HH, Hondo H, Hanley DF: Spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage. N Engl J Med 2001;344:1450–1460.
6.
Broderick JP, Brott T, Tomsick T, Miller R, Huster G: Intracerebral hemorrhage more than twice as common as subarachnoid hemorrhage. J Neurosurg 1993;78:188–191.
7.
Brott T, Broderick J, Kothari R, Barsan W, Tomsick T, Sauerbeck L, Spilker J, Duldner J, Khoury J: Early hemorrhage growth in patients with intracerebral hemorrhage. Stroke 1997;28:1–5.
8.
Kazui S, Naritomi H, Yamamoto H, Sawada T, Yamaguchi T: Enlargement of spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage: incidence and time course. Stroke 1996;27:1783–1787.
9.
Fujii Y, Tanaka R, Takeuchi S, Koike T, Minakawa T, Sasaki O: Hematoma enlargement in spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage. J Neurosurg 1994;80:51–57.
10.
International Subarachnoid Aneurysm Trial (ISAT) Collaborative Group: International Subarachnoid Aneurysm Trial (ISAT) of neurosurgical clipping versus endovascular coiling in 2,143 patients with ruptured intracranial aneurysms: a randomized trial. Lancet 2002;360:1267–1274.
11.
Mendelow AD, Gregson BA, Fernandes HM, Murray GD, Teasdale GM, Hope DT, Karimi A, Shaw MD, Barer DH: Early surgery versus initial conservative treatment in patients with spontaneous supratentorial intracerebral haematomas in the International Surgical Trial in Intracerebral Haemorrhage (STICH): a randomized trial. Lancet 2005;9457:387–397.
12.
Mayer S, Brun N, Broderick J, Davis S, Diringer M, Skolnick B, Steiner T, Europe/AustralAsia NovoSeven ICH Trial Investigators: Safety and feasibility of recombinant factor VIIa for acute intracerebral hemorrhage. Stroke 2005;36:74–79.
13.
Mayer S, Brun N, Broderick J, Davis S, Diringer M, Skolnick B, Steiner T, Europe/Australasia NovoSeven ICH Trial Investigators: Recombinant activated factor VII for acute intracerebral hemorrhage. N Engl J Med 2005;352:777–785.
14.
European Stroke Initiative (EUSI) Executive Committee and the EUSI Writing Committee: European Stroke Initiative Recommendations for Stroke Management – Update 2003. Cerebrovasc Dis 2003;16:311–337.
15.
Brainin M, Barnes M, Baron JC, Gilhus NE, Hughes R, Selmaj K, Waldemar G: Guidance for the preparation of neurological management guidelines by EFNS scientific task forces – revised recommendations 2004. Eur J Neurol 2004;11:577–581.
16.
Sacco RL, Boden-Albala B, Gan R, Chen X, Kargman DE, Shea S, Paik MC, Hauser WA: Stroke incidence among white, black and Hispanic residents of an urban community: the Northern Manhattan Stroke Study. Am J Epidemiol 1998;147:259–268.
17.
Kolominsky-Rabas PL, Sarti C, Heuschmann PU, Graf C, Siemonsen S, Neundoerfer B, Katalinic A, Lang E, Gassmann KG, von Stockert TR: A prospective community-based study of stroke in Germany – the Erlangen Stroke Project (ESPro): incidence and case fatality at 1, 3 and 12 months. Stroke 1998;29:2501–2506.
18.
Weimar C, Weber C, Wagner M, Busse O, Haberl RL, Lauterbach KW, Diener HC: Management patterns and health care use after intracerebral hemorrhage: a cost-of-illness study from a societal perspective in Germany. Cerebrovasc Dis 2003;15:29–36.
19.
Bruno A, Carter S: Possible reason for the higher incidence of spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage among Hispanics than non-Hispanic whites in New Mexico. Neuroepidemiology 2000;19:51–52.
20.
Ayala C, Greenlund KJ, Croft JB, Keenan NL, Donehoo RS, Giles WH, Kittner SJ, Marks JS: Racial/ethnic disparities in mortality by stroke subtype in the United States, 1995–1998. Am J Epidemiol 2001;154:1057–1063.
21.
Fujii Y, Takeuchi S, Sasaki O, Minakawa T, Tanaka R: Multivariate analysis of predictors of hematoma enlargement in spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage. Stroke 1998;29:1160–1166.
22.
Broderick J, Brott T, Duldner JE, Tomsick T, Huster G: Volume of intracerebral hemorrhage: a powerful and easy-to-use predictor of 30-day mortality. Stroke 1993;24:987–993.
23.
Counsell C, Boonyakarnkul S, Dennis M, Sandercock P, Bamford J, Burn J, Warlow C: Primary intracerebral haemorrhage in the Oxfordshire community stroke project. 2. Prognosis. Cerebrovasc Dis 1995;5:26–34.
24.
Anderson CS, Chakera TM, Stewart-Wynne EG, Jamrozik KD: Spectrum of primary intracerebral haemorrhage in Perth, Western Australia, 1989–1990: incidence and outcome. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1994;57:936–940.
25.
Diringer MN, Edwards DF: Admission to a neurologic/neurosurgical intensive care unit is associated with reduced mortality rate after intracerebral hemorrhage. Crit Care Med 2001;29:635–640.
26.
Hemphill JC 3rd, Bonovich DC, Besmertis L, Manley GT, Johnston SC: The ICH score: a simple, reliable grading scale for intracerebral hemorrhage. Stroke 2001;32:891–897.
27.
Becker KJ, Baxter AB, Cohen WA, Bybee HM, Tirschwell DL, Newell DW, Winn HR, Longstreth WT Jr: Withdrawal of support in intracerebral hemorrhage may lead to self-fulfilling prophecies. Neurology 2001;56:766–772.
28.
Fujitsu K, Muramoto M, Ikeda Y, Inada Y, Kim I, Kuwabara T: Indications for surgical treatment of putaminal hemorrhage: comparative study based on serial CT and time-course analysis. J Neurosurg 1990;73:518–525.
29.
Broderick J, Brun N, Diringer M, Davis S, Mayer S, Skolnick B, Steiner T, NovoSeven ICH trial Investigators: Determinants of hemorrhage growth. In press.
30.
Tuhrim S, Horowitz DR, Sacher M, Godbold JH: Volume of ventricular blood is an important determinant of outcome in supratentorial intracerebral hemorrhage. Crit Care Med 1999;27:617–621.
31.
Young WB, Lee KP, Pessin MS, Kwan ES, Rand WM, Caplan LR: Prognostic significance of ventricular blood in supratentorial hemorrhage: a volumetric study. Neurology 1990;40:616–619.
32.
Juvela S: Risk factors for impaired outcome after spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage. Arch Neurol 1995;52:1193–1200.
33.
Diringer MN, Edwards DF, Zazulia AR: Hydrocephalus: a previously unrecognized predictor of poor outcome from supratentorial intracerebral hemorrhage. Stroke 1998;29:1352–1357.
34.
Zazulia AR, Diringer MN, Derdeyn SP, Powers WJ: Progression of mass effect after intracerebral hemorrhage. Stroke 1999;30:1167–1173.
35.
Gebel JM Jr, Jauch EC, Brott TG, Khoury J, Sauerbeck L, Salisbury S, Spilker J, Tomsick TA, Duldner J, Broderick JP: Relative edema volume is a predictor of outcome in patients with hyperacute spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage. Stroke 2002;33:2636–2641.
36.
Xi G: Intracerebral hemorrhage: pathophysiology and therapy. Neurocrit Care 2004;1:5–18.
37.
Lee KR, Colon GP, Betz AL, Keep RF, Kim S, Hoff JT: Edema from intracerebral hemorrhage: the role of thrombin. J Neurosurg 1996;84:91–96.
38.
Castillo J, Davalos A, Alvarez-Sabin J, Pumar JM, Leira R, Silva Y, Montaner J, Kase CS: Molecular signatures of brain injury after intracerebral hemorrhage. Neurology 2002;58:624–629.
39.
Abilleira S, Montaner J, Molina CA, Monasterio J, Castillo J, Alvarez-Sabin J: Matrix metalloproteinase-9 concentration after spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage. J Neurosurg 2003;99:65–70.
40.
Xi G, Wagner KR, Keep RF, Hua Y, de Courten-Myers GM, Broderick JP, Brott TG, Hoff JT, Muizelaar JP: Role of blood clot formation on early edema development after experimental intracerebral hemorrhage. Stroke 1998;29:2580–2586.
41.
Sansing LH, Kaznatcheeva EA, Perkins CJ, Komaroff E, Gutman FB, Newman GC: Edema after intracerebral hemorrhage: correlations with coagulation parameters and treatment. J Neurosurg 2003;98:985–992.
42.
Schellinger PD, Fiebach JB, Hoffmann K, Becker K, Orakcioglu B, Kollmar R, Juttler E, Schramm P, Schwab S, Sartor K, Hacke W: Stroke MRI in intracerebral hemorrhage: is there a perihemorrhagic penumbra? Stroke 2003;34:1674–1679.
43.
Butcher KS, Baird T, MacGregor L, Desmond P, Tress B, Davis S: Perihematomal edema in primary intracerebral hemorrhage is plasma derived. Stroke 2004;35:1879–1885.
44.
Powers WJ, Zazulia AR, Videen TO, Adams RE, Yundt KD, Aiyagari V, Grubb RL Jr, Diringer MN: Autoregulation of cerebral blood flow surrounding acute (6 to 22 hours) intracerebral hemorrhage. Neurology 2001;57:18–24.
45.
Zazulia AR, Diringer MN, Videen TO, Adams RE, Yundt K, Aiyagari V, Grubb RL Jr, Powers WJ: Hypoperfusion without ischemia surrounding acute intracerebral hemorrhage. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2001;21:804–810.
46.
Greenberg SM, Briggs ME, Hyman BT, Kokoris GJ, Takis C, Kanter DS, Kase CS, Pessin MS: Apolipoprotein E epsilon 4 is associated with the presence and earlier onset of hemorrhage in cerebral amyloid angiopathy. Stroke 1996;27:1333–1337.
47.
Lang EW, Ren Ya Z, Preul C, Hugo HH, Hempelmann RG, Buhl R, Barth H, Klinge H, Mehdorn HM: Stroke pattern interpretation: the variability of hypertensive versus amyloid angiopathy hemorrhage. Cerebrovasc Dis 2001;12:121–130.
48.
Knudsen KA, Rosand J, Karluk D, Greenberg SM: Clinical diagnosis of cerebral amyloid angiopathy: validation of the Boston criteria. Neurology 2001;56:537–539.
49.
Brott T, Thalinger K, Hertzberg V: Hypertension as a risk factor for spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage. Stroke 1986;17:1078–1083.
50.
PROGRESS Collaborative Group: Randomized trial of a perindopril-based blood-pressure-lowering regimen among 6,105 individuals with previous stroke or transient ischaemic attack. Lancet 2001;358:1033–1041.
51.
Segal AZ, Chiu RI, Eggleston-Sexton PM, Beiser A, Greenberg SM: Low cholesterol as a risk factor for primary intracerebral hemorrhage: a case-control study. Neuroepidemiology 1999;18:185–193.
52.
Woo D, Kissela BM, Khoury JC, Sauerbeck LR, Haverbusch MA, Szaflarski JP, Gebel JM, Pancioli AM, Jauch EC, Schneider A, Kleindorfer D, Broderick JP: Hypercholesterolemia, HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors and risk of intracerebral hemorrhage: a case-control study. Stroke 2004;35:1360–1364.
53.
Abbott RD, Yin Y, Reed DM, Yano K: Risk of stroke in male cigarette smokers. N Engl J Med 1986;315:717–720.
54.
Kurth T, Kase CS, Berger K, Schaeffner ES, Buring JE, Gaziano JM: Smoking and the risk of hemorrhagic stroke in men. Stroke 2003;34:1151–1155.
55.
Kurth T, Kase CS, Berger K, Gaziano JM, Cook NR, Buring JE: Smoking and risk of hemorrhagic stroke in women. Stroke 2003;34:2792–2795.
56.
Zhou JF, Wang JY, Luo YE, Chen HH: Influence of hypertension, lipometabolism disorders, obesity and other lifestyles on spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage. Biomed Environ Sci 2003;16:295–303.
57.
Donahue RP, Abbott RD, Reed DM, Yano K: Alcohol and hemorrhagic stroke. The Honolulu Heart Program. JAMA 1986;255:2311–2314.
58.
Juvela S, Hillbom M, Palomaki H: Risk factors for spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage. Stroke 1995;26:1558–1564.
59.
Rosand J, Hylek EM, O’Donnell HC, Greenberg SM: Warfarin-associated hemorrhage and cerebral amyloid angiopathy: a genetic and pathologic study. Neurology 2000;55:947–951.
60.
Kase CS, Mohr JP, Caplan LR: Intracerebral hemorrhage; in Mohr JP, Choi DC, Grotta JC, et al (eds): Stroke: Pathophysiology, Diagnosis and Management, ed 4. Philadelphia, Churchill Livingstone, 2004, pp 327–376.
61.
Hart RG, Boop BS, Anderson DC: Oral anticoagulants and intracranial hemorrhage: facts and hypotheses. Stroke 1995;26:1471–1477.
62.
He J, Whelton PK, Vu B, Klag MJ: Aspirin and risk of hemorrhagic stroke: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. JAMA 1998;280:1930–1935.
63.
Diener HC, Bogousslavsky J, Brass LM, Cimminiello C, Csiba L, Kaste M, Leys D, Matias-Guiu J, Rupprecht HJ: Aspirin and clopidogrel compared with clopidogrel alone after recent ischaemic stroke or transient ischaemic attack in high-risk patients (MATCH): randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 2004;364:331–337.
64.
Toyoda K, Okada Y, Minematsu K, Kamouchi M, Fujimoto S, Ibayashi S, Inoue T: Antiplatelet therapy contributes to acute deterioration of intracerebral hemorrhage. Neurology 2005;65:1000–1004.
65.
Caplan LR: Intracerebral hemorrhage; in Caplan LR (ed): Caplan’s Stroke: A Clinical Approach, ed 3. Boston, Butterworth-Heinemann, 2000, pp 383–418.
66.
Woo D, Kaushal R, Chakraborty R, Woo J, Haverbusch M, Sekar P, Kissela B, Pancioli A, Jauch E, Kleindorfer D, Flaherty M, Schneider A, Khatri P, Sauerbeck L, Khoury J, Deka R, Broderick J: Association of apolipoprotein E4 and haplotypes of the apolipoprotein E gene with lobar intracerebral hemorrhage. Stroke 2005;36:1879–1880.
67.
Hacke W, Donnan G, Fieschi C, Kaste M, von Kummer R, Broderick JP, Brott T, Frankel M, Grotta JC, Haley EC Jr, Kwiatkowski T, Levine SR, Lewandowski C, Lu M, Lyden P, Marler JR, Patel S, Tilley BC, Albers G, Bluhmki E, Wilhelm M, Hamilton S: Association of outcome with early stroke treatment: pooled analysis of ATLANTIS, ECASS and NINDS rt-PA stroke trials. Lancet 2004;363:768–774.
68.
McCormick WF, Rosenfield DB: Massive brain hemorrhage: a review of 144 cases and an examination of their causes. Stroke 1973;4:946–954.
69.
Allen CM: Clinical diagnosis of the acute stroke syndrome. Q J Med 1983;52:515–523.
70.
Poungvarin N, Viriyavejakul A, Komontri C: Siriraj stroke score and validation study to distinguish supratentorial intracerebral haemorrhage from infarction. BMJ 1991;302:1565–1567.
71.
Weir CJ, Murray GD, Adams FG, Muir KW, Grosset DG, Lees KR: Poor accuracy of stroke scoring systems for differential clinical diagnosis of intracranial haemorrhage and infarction. Lancet 1994;344:999–1002.
72.
Smith EE, Rosand J, Greenberg SM: Hemorrhagic stroke. Neuroimaging Clin N Am 2005;15:259–272.
73.
Broderick JP, Brott TG, Tomsick T, Barsan W, Spilker J: Ultra-early evaluation of intracerebral hemorrhage. J Neurosurg 1990;72:195–199.
74.
Weisberg LA: Computerized tomography in intracranial hemorrhage. Arch Neurol 1979;36:422–426.
75.
Boyko OB, Cooper DF, Grossman CB: Contrast-enhanced CT of acute isodense subdural hematoma. Am J Neuroradiol 1991;12:341–343.
76.
Gomori JM, Grossmann RI: Mechanisms responsible for the MR appearance and evolution of intracranial hemorrhage. Radiographics 1988:8:427–440.
77.
Laissy JP, Normand G, Monroc M, Duchateau C, Alibert F, Thiebot J: Spontaneous intracerebral hematomas from vascular causes. Neuroradiology 1991;33:291–295.
78.
Van Straaten EC, Scheltens P, Barkhof F: MRI and CT in the diagnosis of vascular dementia. J Neurol Sci 2004;15:226:9–12.
79.
Uysal E, Yanbuloglu B, Erturk M, Kilinc BM, Basak M: Spiral CT angiography in diagnosis of cerebral aneurysms of cases with acute subarachnoid hemorrhage. Diagn Interv Radiol 2005;11:77–82.
80.
Kouskouras C, Charitanti A, Giavroglou C, Foroglou N, Selviaridis P, Kontopoulos V, Dimitriadis AS: Intracranial aneurysms: evaluation using CTA and MRA. Correlation with DSA and intraoperative findings. Neuroradiology 2004;46:842–850.
81.
Dammert S, Krings T, Moller-Hartmann W, Ueffing E, Hans FJ, Willmes K, Mull M, Thron A: Detection of intracranial aneurysms with multislice CT: comparison with conventional angiography. Neuroradiology 2004;36:427–434.
82.
Stam J: Thrombosis of the cerebral veins and sinuses. N Engl J Med 2005;352:1791–1798.
83.
Adams H, Brott T, Crowell R, Furlan A, Gomez C, Grotta J, Helgason C, Marler J, Woolson R, Zivin J, Feinberg W, Mayberg M: Guidelines for the management of patients with acute ischemic stroke: a statement for healthcare professionals from a special writing group of the Stroke Council of the American Heart Association. Circulation 1994;90:1588–1601.
84.
Paolucci S, Antonucci G, Grasso MG, Bragoni M, Coiro P, De Angelis D, Fusco FR, Morelli D, Venturiero V, Troisi E, Pratesi L: Functional outcome of ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke patients after inpatient rehabilitation: a matched comparison. Stroke 2003;34:2861–2865.
85.
Lyden P, Brott T, Tilley B, Welch KM, Mascha EJ, Levine S, Haley EC, Grotta J, Marler J: Improved reliability of the NIH Stroke Scale using video training. NINDS TPA Stroke Study Group. Stroke 1994;25:2220–2226.
86.
Teasdale G, Jennett B: Assessment of coma and impaired consciousness: a practical scale. Lancet 1974;ii:81–84.
87.
Lindstrom E, Boysen G, Christiansen LW, Nansen BR, Nielsen PW: Reliability of Scandinavian neurological stroke scale. Cerebrovasc Dis 1991;1:103–107.
88.
Qureshi AI, Mohammad YM, Yahia AM, Suarez JI, Siddiqui AM, Kirmani JF, Suri MF, Kolb J, Zaidat OO: A prospective multicenter study to evaluate the feasibility and safety of aggressive antihypertensive treatment in patients with acute intracerebral hemorrhage. J Intensive Care Med 2005;20:34–42.
89.
Steiner T, Schneider D, Mayer S, Begtrup K, Broderick J, Diringer M, Skolnick B, Davis S: Dynamics of intraventricular hemorrhage in patients with spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage: risk factors, clinical impact and effect of hemostatic therapy with recombinant activated factor VII. J Neurosurg, in press.
90.
Morgenstern LB: Medical therapy of intracerebral and intraventricular hemorrhage; in Mohr JP, Choi DC, Grotta JC, et al (eds): Stroke: Pathophysiology, Diagnosis and Management, ed 4. Philadelphia, Churchill Livingstone, 2004, pp 1079–1087.
91.
Grossman E, Messerli FH, Grodzicki T, Kowey P: Should a moratorium be placed on sublingual nifedipine capsules given for hypertensive emergencies and pseudoemergencies? JAMA 1996;276:1328–1331.
92.
Ahmed N, Nasman P, Wahlgren NG: Effect of intravenous nimodipine on blood pressure and outcome after acute stroke. Stroke 2000;31:1250–1255.
93.
Graham DI, McGeorge A, Fitch W, Jones JV, MacKenzie ET: Ischaemic brain damage induced by rapid lowering of arterial pressure in hypertension. J Hypertens 1984;2:297–304.
94.
Powers WJ: Acute hypertension after stroke: the scientific basis for treatment decisions. Neurology 1993;43:461–467.
95.
Jorgensen H, Nakayama H, Rasschou H, Olsen T: Effects of blood pressure and diabetes on stroke progression. Lancet 1994;334:156–159.
96.
Ringleb PA, Bertram M, Keller E, Hacke W: Hypertension in patients with cerebrovascular accident: to treat or not to treat? Nephrol Dial Transplant 1998;13:2179–2181.
97.
Bath P, Chalmers J, Powers W, Beilin L, Davis S, Lenfant C, Mancia G, Neal B, Whitworth J, Zanchetti A: International Society of Hypertension (ISH): statement on the management of blood pressure in acute stroke. J Hypertens 2003;21:665–672.
98.
Steiner T: Stroke unit design: intensive monitoring should be routine. Stroke 2003;35:1018–1019.
99.
Poungvarin N, Bhoopat W, Viriyavejakul A, Rodprasert P, Buranasiri P, Sukondhabhant S, Hensley MJ, Strom BL: Effects of dexamethasone in primary supratentorial intracerebral hemorrhage. N Engl J Med 1987;316:1229–1233.
100.
Feigin VL, Anderson NE, Rinkel GJE, Algra A, van Gjn J, Bennett DA: Corticosteroids for aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage and primary intracerebral hemorrhage. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2005;3:CD004583.
101.
Kaufmann AM, Cardoso ER: Aggravation of vasogenic edema by multiple-dose mannitol. J Neurosurg 1992;77:584–589.
102.
Garcia-Morales EJ, Cariappa R, Parvin CA, Scott MG, Diringer MN: Osmole gap in neurologic-neurosurgical intensive care unit: its normal value, calculation and relationship with mannitol serum concentrations. Crit Care Med 2004;32:986–991.
103.
Gondim Fde A, Aiyagari V, Shackleford A, Diringer MN: Osmolality not predictive of mannitol-induced acute renal insufficiency. J Neurosurg 2005;103:444–447.
104.
Bell BA, Smith MA, Kean DM, McGhee CN, MacDonald HL, Miller JD, Barnett GH, Tocher JL, Douglas RH, Best JJ: Brain water measured by magnetic resonance imaging: correlation with direct estimation and change following mannitol and dexamethasone. Lancet 1987;i:66–69.
105.
Broderick JP, Adams HP Jr, Barsan W, Feinberg W, Feldmann E, Grotta J, Kase C, Krieger D, Mayberg M, Tilley B, Zabramski JM, Zuccarello M: Guidelines for the management of spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage: a statement for healthcare professionals from a special writing group of the Stroke Council, American Heart Association. Stroke 1999;30:905–915.
106.
Keller E, Krayenbuhl N, Bjeljac M, Yonekawa Y: Cerebral vasospasm: results of a structured multimodal treatment. Acta Neurochir Suppl 2005;94:65–73.
107.
Vespa PM, O’Phelan K, Shah M, Mirabelli J, Starkman S, Kidwell C, Saver J, Nuwer MR, Frazee JG, McArthur DA, Martin NA: Acute seizures after intracerebral hemorrhage: a factor in progressive midline shift and outcome. Neurology 2003;60:1441–1446.
108.
Passero S, Rocchi R, Rossi S, Ulivelli M, Vatti G: Seizures after spontaneous supratentorial intracerebral hemorrhage. Epilepsia 2002;43:1175–1180.
109.
Berger AR, Lipton RB, Lesser ML, Lantos G, Portenoy RK: Early seizures following intracerebral hemorrhage: implications for therapy. Neurology 1988;38:1363–1365.
110.
Vespa P: Continuous EEG monitoring for the detection of seizures in traumatic brain injury, infarction and intracerebral hemorrhage: ‘to detect and protect’. J Clin Neurophysiol 2005;22:99–106.
111.
Varelas PN, Mirski MA: Management of seizures in critically ill patients. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep 2004;4:489–496.
112.
Silver F, Norris JW, Lewis AJ, Hachinski VC: Early mortality following stroke: a prospective review. Stroke 1984;15:492–496.
113.
Adams HP Jr: Effective prophylaxis for deep vein thrombosis after stroke: low-dose anticoagulation rather than stockings alone: for. Stroke 2004;35:2911–2912.
114.
Davis SM, Donnan GA: Effective prophylaxis for deep venous thrombosis after stroke: both low-dose anticoagulation and stockings for most cases. Stroke 2004;35:2910.
115.
Dennis MS: Effective prophylaxis for deep vein thrombosis after stroke: low-dose anticoagulation rather than stockings alone: against. Stroke 2004;35:2912–2913.
116.
Albers GW, Amarenco P, Easton JD, Sacco RL, Teal P: Antithrombotic and thrombolytic therapy for ischemic stroke: the Seventh ACCP Conference on Antithrombotic and Thrombolytic Therapy. Chest 2004;126:483S–512S.
117.
Boeer A, Voth E, Henze T, Prange HW: Early heparin therapy in patients with spontaneous intracerebral haemorrhage. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1991;54:466–467.
118.
Auer LM, Deinsberger W, Niederkorn K, Gell G, Kleinert R, Schneider G, Holzer P, Bone G, Mokry M, Korner E, Kleinert G, Hanusch S: Endoscopic surgery versus medical treatment for spontaneous intracerebral hematoma: a randomized study. J Neurosurg 1989;70:530–535.
119.
McKissock W, Richardson A, Taylor J: Primary intracerebral haemorrhage: a controlled trial of surgical and conservative treatment in 180 unselected cases. Lancet 1961;ii:221–226.
120.
Juvela S, Heiskanen O, Poranen A, Valtonen S, Kuurne T, Kaste M, Troupp H: The treatment of spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage: a prospective randomized trial of surgical and conservative treatment. J Neurosurg 1989;70:755–758.
121.
Batjer HH, Reisch JS, Allen BC, Plaizier LJ, Su CJ: Failure of surgery to improve outcome in hypertensive putaminal hemorrhage: a prospective randomized trial. Arch Neurol 1990;47:1103–1106.
122.
Chen X, Yang H, Czherig Z: A prospective randomized trial of surgical and conservative treatment of hypertensive intracranial haemorrhage. Acta Acad Med Shanghai 1992;19:237–240.
123.
Morgenstern LB, Frankowski RF, Shedden P, Pasteur W, Grotta JC: Surgical treatment for intracerebral hemorrhage (STICH): a single-center, randomized clinical trial. Neurology 1998;51:1359–1363.
124.
Zuccarello M, Brott T, Derex L, Kothari R, Sauerbeck L, Tew J, Van Loveren H, Yeh HS, Tomsick T, Pancioli A, Khoury J, Broderick J: Early surgical treatment for supratentorial intracerebral hemorrhage: a randomized feasibility study. Stroke 1999;30:1833–1839.
125.
Teernstra OP, Evers SM, Lodder J, Leffers P, Franke CL, Blaauw G: Stereotactic treatment of intracerebral hematoma by means of a plasminogen activator: a multicenter randomized controlled trial (SICHPA). Stroke 2003;34:968–974.
126.
Hattori N, Katayama Y, Maya Y, Gatherer A: Impact of stereotactic hematoma evacuation on activities of daily living during the chronic period following spontaneous putaminal hemorrhage: a randomized study. J Neurosurg 2004;101:417–420.
127.
Hosseini H, Leguerinel C, Hariz M, Melon E, Palfi S, Deck P, Gaston A, Cesaro P, Nguyen JP: Stereotactic aspiration of deep intracerebral haematomas under computed tomographic control, a multicentric prospective randomized trial. Cerebrovasc Dis 2003;16:57.
128.
Cheng XC, Wu JS, Zhao XP, et al: The randomized multicentric prospective controlled trial in the standard treatment of hypertensive intracerebral hematomas: the comparison of surgical therapeutic outcomes with conservative therapy. Chin J Clin Neurosci 2001;9:365–368.
129.
Gregson BA, Mendelow AD: Surgical trial in lobar intracerebral hemorrhage (STICH II). Proceedings of the Scottish and Newcastle Neurosurgical Research Network, 2005, pp 7–10.
130.
Dunne JW, Chakera T, Kermode S: Cerebellar haemorrhage – diagnosis and treatment: a study of 75 consecutive cases. Q J Med 1987;64:739–754.
131.
Salazar J, Vaquero J, Martinez P, Santos H, Martinez R, Bravo G: Clinical and CT scan assessment of benign versus fatal spontaneous cerebellar haematomas. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 1986;79:80–86.
132.
Bhattathiri P, Manjunath Prasad K, Gregson B, et al: The effect of intraventricular haemorrhage (IVH) and hydrocephalus on outcome in spontaneous intracerebral haematoma – STICH data; in Hoff JT, et al (eds): XIII International Symposium on Brain Edema and Tissue Injury and Intracerebral Hemorrhage. Ann Arbor, Springer, 2005, in press.
133.
Mathew P, Teasdale G, Bannan A, Oluoch-Olunya D: Neurosurgical management of cerebellar haematoma and infarct. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatr 1995;59:287–292.
134.
Naff NJ, Carhuapoma JR, Williams MA, Bhardwaj A, Ulatowski JA, Bederson J, Bullock R, Schmutzhard E, Pfausler B, Keyl PM, Tuhrim S, Hanley DF: Treatment of intraventricular hemorrhage with urokinase: effects on 30-day survival. Stroke 2000;31:841–847.
135.
Naff NJ, Hanley DF, Keyl PM, Tuhrim S, Kraut M, Bederson J, Bullock R, Mayer SA, Schmutzhard E: Intraventricular thrombolysis speeds blood clot resolution: results of a pilot, prospective, randomized double-blind, controlled trial. Neurosurgery 2004;54:577–583, discussion 583–584.
136.
Haines S, Lapointe M: Fibrinolytic agents in the management of posthemorrhagic hydrocephalus in preterm infants: the evidence. Childs Nerv Syst 1999;15:226–234.
137.
Siomin V, Cinalli G, Grotenhuis A, Golash A, Oi S, Kothbauer K, Weiner H, Roth J, Beni-Adani L, Pierre-Kahn A, Takahashi Y, Mallucci C, Abbott R, Wisoff J, Constantini S: Endoscopic third ventriculostomy in patients with cerebrospinal fluid infection and/or hemorrhage. J Neurosurg 1997;97:519–524.
138.
Pikus HJ, Levy ML, Gans W, Mendel E, McComb JG: Outcome, cost analysis and long-term follow-up in preterm infants with massive grade IV germinal matrix hemorrhage and progressive hydrocephalus. Neurosurgery 1997;40:983–988.
139.
Andaluz N, Zuccarello M: Fenestration of the lamina terminalis as a valuable adjunct in aneurysm surgery. Neurosurgery 2004;55:1050–1059.
140.
Sindou M: Favourable influence of opening the lamina terminalis and Lilliequist’s membrane on the outcome of ruptured intracranial aneurysms: a study of 197 consecutive cases. Acta Neurochirurg 1994;127:15–16.
141.
Haines S, Walters B: Antibiotic prophylaxis for cerebrospinal fluid shunts: a metanalysis. Neurosurgery 1994;34:87–92.
142.
Mast H, Young WL, Koennecke HC, Sciacca RR, Osipov A, Pile-Spellman J, Hacein-Bey L, Duong H, Stein BM, Mohr JP: Risk of spontaneous haemorrhage after diagnosis of cerebral arteriovenous malformation. Lancet 1997;350:1065–1068.
143.
Stapf C, Mast H, Sciacca RR, Choi JH, Khaw AV, Connolly ES, Pile-Spellman J, Mohr JP: Predictors of hemorrhage in patients with untreated brain arteriovenous malformation. Neurology 2006;66:1350–1355.
144.
Hartmann A, Mast H, Mohr JP, Pile-Spellman J, Connolly ES, Sciacca RR, Khaw A, Stapf C: Determinants of staged endovascular and surgical treatment outcome of brain arteriovenous malformations. Stroke 2005;36:2431–2435.
145.
Choi J, Mohr J: Brain arteriovenous malformations in adults. Lancet Neurol 2005;4:299–308.
146.
Castel JP, Kantor G: Postoperative morbidity and mortality after microsurgical exclusion of cerebral arteriovenous malformations: current data and analysis of recent literature. Neurochirurgie 2000;47:369–383.
147.
Ogilvy CS, Stieg PE, Awad I, Brown RD Jr, Kondziolka D, Rosenwasser R, Young WL, Hademenos G; Stroke Council, American Stroke Association: Recommendations for the management of intracranial arteriovenous malformations: a statement for health care professionals from a special writing group of the Stroke Council, American Stroke Association. Stroke 2001;103:2644–2657.
148.
Porter RW, Detwiler PW, Spetzler RF, Lawton MT, Baskin JJ, Derksen PT, Zabramski JM: Cavernous malformations of the brainstem: experience with 100 patients. J Neurosurg 1999;90:50–58.
149.
Kupersmith MJ, Kalish H, Epstein F, Yu G, Berenstein A, Woo H, Jafar J, Mandel G, De Lara F: Natural history of brainstem cavernous malformations. Neurosurgery 2001;48:47–53.
150.
Aiba T, Tanaka R, Koike T, Kameyama S, Takeda N, Komata T: Natural history of intracranial cavernous malformations. J Neurosurg 1995;83:56–59.
151.
Maraire JN, Awad IA: Intracranial cavernous malformations: lesion behavior and management strategies. Neurosurgery 1995;37:591–605.
152.
Hasegawa T, McInerney J, Kondziolka D, Lee JYK, Flickinger JC, Lunsford LD: Long-term results after stereotactic radiosurgery for patients with cavernous malformations. Neurosurgery 2002;50:1190–1198.
153.
Purdy PD, Batjer HH, Samson D: Management of hemorrhagic complications from preoperative embolization of arteriovenous malformations. J Neurosurg 1991;74:205–211.
154.
Piriyawat P, Morgenstern LB, Yawn D, Hall CE, Grotta JC: Treatment of acute intracerebral hemorrhage with ε-aminocaproic acid – a pilot study. Neurocrit Care 2004;1:47–51.
155.
Kassell NF, Haley EC, Torner JC: Antifibrinolytic therapy in the treatment of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Clin Neurosurg 1986;33:137–145.
156.
Roos YB, Rinkel GJ, Vermeulen M, Algra A, van Gijn J: Antifibrinolytic therapy for aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2003:CD001245.
157.
Hedner U: NovoSeven as a universal haemostatic agent. Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis 2000;11(suppl 1):S107–S111.
158.
Hedner U, Erhardtsen E: Potential role for rFVIIa in transfusion medicine. Transfusion 2002;42:114–124.
159.
Mayer SA, Brun NC, Broderick J, Davis SM, Diringer MN, Skolnick BE, Steiner T, United States NovoSeven ICH Trial Investigators: Recombinant activated factor VII for acute intracerebral hemorrhage: US phase IIA trial. Neurocrit Care 2006;4:1–9.
160.
Steiner T, Diringer M, Rosand J: Intracerebral hemorrhage associated with oral anticoagulant therapy: current practices and open questions. Stroke 2006;37:256-62.
161.
Stroke Prevention in Atrial Fibrillation Investigators: Bleeding during antithrombotic therapy in patients with atrial fibrillation. Arch Intern Med 1996;156:409–416.
162.
Stroke Prevention in Atrial Fibrillation Investigators: Warfarin versus aspirin for prevention of thromboembolism in atrial fibrillation: Stroke Prevention in Atrial Fibrillation II Study. Lancet 1994;343:687–691.
163.
Stroke Prevention in Atrial Fibrillation Investigators: Adjusted-dose warfarin versus low-intensity, fixed-dose warfarin plus aspirin for high-risk patients with atrial fibrillation: Stroke Prevention in Atrial Fibrillation III randomized clinical trial. Lancet 1996;348:633–638.
164.
The Stroke Prevention in Reversible Ischemia Trial (SPIRIT) Study Group: A randomized trial of anticoagulants versus aspirin after cerebral ischemia of presumed arterial origin. Ann Neurol 1997;42:857–865.
165.
Flibotte JJ, Hagan N, O’Donnell J, Greenberg SM, Rosand J: Warfarin, hematoma expansion and outcome of intracerebral hemorrhage. Neurology 2004;63:1059–1064.
166.
Phan TG, Koh M, Wijdicks EF: Safety of discontinuation of anticoagulation in patients with intracranial hemorrhage at high thromboembolic risk. Arch Neurol 2000;57:1710–1713.
167.
Ananthasubramaniam K, Beattie JN, Rosman HS, Jayam V, Borzak S: How safely and for how long can warfarin therapy be withheld in prosthetic heart valve patients hospitalized with a major hemorrhage? Chest 2001;119:478–484.
168.
Bertram M, Bonsanto M, Hacke W, Schwab S: Managing the therapeutic dilemma: patients with spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage and urgent need for anticoagulation. J Neurol 2000;247:209–214.
169.
Neau JP, Couderq C, Ingrand P, Blanchon P, Gil R: Intracranial hemorrhage and oral anticoagulant treatment. Cerebrovasc Dis 2001;11:195–200.
170.
Rosand J, Eckman MH, Knudsen KA, Singer DE, Greenberg SM: The effect of warfarin and intensity of anticoagulation on outcome of intracerebral hemorrhage. Arch Intern Med 2004;164:880–884.
171.
Goldstein JN, Thomas SH, Frontiero V, Joseph A, Engel C, Snider R, Smith SM, Greenberg SM, Rosand J: Timing of fresh-frozen plasma administration and rapid correction of coagulopathy in warfarin- related intracerebral hemorrhage. Stroke 2006;37:151–155.
172.
Fredriksson K, Norrving B, Stromblad LG: Emergency reversal of anticoagulation after intracerebral hemorrhage. Stroke 1992;23:972–977.
173.
Sjöblom L, Hardemark HG, Lindgren A, Norrving B, Fahlen M, Samuelsson M, Stigendal L, Stockelberg D, Taghavi A, Wallrup L, Wallvik J: Management and prognostic features of intracerebral hemorrhage during anticoagulant therapy: a Swedish multicenter study. Stroke 2001;32:2567–2574.
174.
Erhardtsen E, Nony P, Dechavanne M, French P, Boissel JP, Hedner U: The effect of recombinant factor VIIa (NovoSeven) in healthy volunteers receiving acenocoumarol to an International Normalized Ratio above 2.0. Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis 1998;9:741–748.
175.
Deveras RA, Kessler CM: Reversal of warfarin-induced excessive anticoagulation with recombinant human factor VIIa concentrate. Ann Intern Med 2002;137:884–888.
176.
O’Shaughnessy DF, Atterbury C, Bolton Maggs P, Murphy M, Thomas D, Yates S, Williamson LM: Guidelines for the use of fresh-frozen plasma, cryoprecipitate and cryosupernatant. Br J Haematol 2004;126:11–28.
177.
Freeman WD, Brott TG, Barrett KM, Castillo PR, Deen HG Jr, Czervionke LF, Meschia JF: Recombinant factor VIIa for rapid reversal of warfarin anticoagulation in acute intracranial hemorrhage. Mayo Clin Proc 2004;79:1495–1500.
178.
Brody DL, Aiyagari V, Shakleford AM, Diringer MN: Use of recombinant factor VIIa in patients with warfarin-associated intracranial hemorrhage. Neurocrit Care 2005;2:263–267.
179.
Guidelines on oral anticoagulation: third edition. Br J Haematol 1998;101:374–387.
180.
Hanley JP: Warfarin reversal. J Clin Pathol 2004;57:1132–1139.
181.
Ansell J, Hirsh J, Dalen J, Bussey H, Anderson D, Poller L, Jacobson A, Deykin D, Matchar D: Managing oral anticoagulant therapy. Chest 2001;119:22S–38S.
182.
Baker RI, Coughlin PB, Gallus AS, Harper PL, Salem HH, Wood EM: Warfarin reversal: consensus guidelines, on behalf of the Australasian Society of Thrombosis and Haemostasis. Med J Aust 2004;181:492–497.
183.
Butler AC, Tait RC: Management of oral anticoagulant-induced intracranial haemorrhage. Blood Rev 1998;12:35–44.
184.
Hacke W: Editorial: The dilemma of anticoagulation for patients with intracranial hemorrhage or how wide is the strait between Skylla and Karybdis? Neurology 2000;57:1682–1684.
185.
Eckman MH, Rosand J, Knudsen KA, Singer DE, Greenberg SM: Can patients be anticoagulated after intracerebral hemorrhage? A decision analysis. Stroke 2003;34:1710–1716.
186.
Wijdicks EF, Diringer MN: Middle cerebral artery territory infarction and early brain swelling: progression and effect of age on outcome. Mayo Clin Proc 1998;73:829–836.
187.
Berger JS, Roncaglioni MC, Avanzini F, Pangrazzi I, Tognoni G, Brown DL: Aspirin for the primary prevention of cardiovascular events in women and men: a sex-specific meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. JAMA 2006;295:306–313.
188.
Douglas MA, Haerer AF: Long-term prognosis of hypertensive intracerebral hemorrhage. Stroke 1982;13:488–491.
189.
Kunitz SC, Gross CR, Heyman A, Kase CS, Mohr JP, Price TR, Wolf PA: The pilot Stroke Data Bank: definition, design and data. Stroke 1984;15:740–746.
190.
Chen CH, Huang CW, Chen HH, Lai ML: Recurrent hypertensive intracerebral hemorrhage among Taiwanese. Kaohsiung J Med Sci 2001;17:556–563.
191.
Bae H, Jeong D, Doh J, Lee K, Yun I, Byun B: Recurrence of bleeding in patients with hypertensive intracerebral hemorrhage. Cerebrovasc Dis 1999;9:102–108.
192.
Hasimoto Y, Moriyasu H, Miyashita T, et al: Recurrence of hypertensive intracerebral hemorrhage. Jpn J Stroke 1992;14:172–178.
193.
Rodgers A, MacMahon S, Gamble G, Slattery J, Sandercock P, Warlow C: Blood pressure and risk of stroke in patients with cerebrovascular disease. The United Kingdom Transient Ischaemic Attack Collaborative Group. BMJ 1996;313:147.
194.
The INDANA (INdividual Data ANalysis of Antihypertensive intervention trials) Project Collaborators: Effect of antihypertensive treatment in patients having already suffered from stroke: gathering the evidence. Stroke 1997;28:2557–2562.
195.
PATS Collaborating Group: Post-stroke antihypertensive treatment study. a preliminary result. Chin Med J (Engl) 1995;108:710–717.
196.
Yusuf S, Gerstein H, Hoogwerf B, Pogue J, Bosch J, Wolffenbuttel BH, Zinman B: Ramipril and the development of diabetes. JAMA 2001;286:1882–1885.
197.
Bosch J, Yusuf S, Pogue J, Sleight P, Lonn E, Rangoonwala B, Davies R, Ostergren J, Probstfield J: Use of ramipril in preventing stroke: double-blind randomized trial. BMJ 2002;324:699–702.
198.
Rashid P, Leonardi-Bee J, Bath P: Blood pressure reduction and secondary prevention of stroke and other vascular events: a systematic review. Stroke 2003;34:2741–2748.
199.
Donahue RP, Abbott RD: Alcohol and haemorrhagic stroke. Lancet 1986;ii:515–516.
200.
Goldstein LB, Adams R, Becker K, Furberg CD, Gorelick PB, Hademenos G, Hill M, Howard G, Howard VJ, Jacobs B, Levine SR, Mosca L, Sacco RL, Sherman DG, Wolf PA, del Zoppo GJ: Primary prevention of ischemic stroke: a statement for healthcare professionals from the Stroke Council of the American Heart Association. Stroke 2001;32:280–299.
201.
Reynolds K, Lewis B, Nolen JD, Kinney GL, Sathya B, He J: Alcohol consumption and risk of stroke: a meta-analysis. JAMA 2003;289:579–588.
202.
Viswanathan A, Rakich SM, Engel C, Snider R, Rosand J, Greenberg SM, Smith EE: Antiplatelet use after intracerebral hemorrhage. Neurology 2006;66:206–209.
203.
Gorter JW: Major bleeding during anticoagulation after cerebral ischemia: patterns and risk factors. Stroke Prevention In Reversible Ischemia Trial (SPIRIT). European Atrial Fibrillation Trial (EAFT) study groups. Neurology 1999;53:1319–1327.
204.
Ariesen MJ, Algra A, Koudstaal PJ, Rothwell PM, van Walraven C: Risk of intracerebral hemorrhage in patients with arterial versus cardiac origin of cerebral ischemia on aspirin or placebo: analysis of individual patient data from 9 trials. Stroke 2004;35:710–714.
205.
Thrift AG, McNeil JJ, Forbes A, Donnan GA: Three important subgroups of hypertensive persons at greater risk of intracerebral hemorrhage. Melbourne risk factor group. Hypertension 1998;31:1223–1229.
206.
Diener HC, Cunha L, Forbes C, Sivenius J, Smets P, Lowenthal A: European Stroke Prevention Study. 2. Dipyridamole and acetylsalicylic acid in the secondary prevention of stroke. J Neurol Sci 1996;143:1–13.
207.
CAPRIE Steering Committee: A randomized, blinded trial of clopidogrel versus aspirin in patients at risk of ischaemic events (CAPRIE). Lancet 1996;348:1329–1339.
208.
Schmulling S, Rudolf J, Strotmann-Tack T, Grond M, Schneweis S, Sobesky J, Thiel A, Heiss WD: Acetylsalicylic acid pretreatment, concomitant heparin therapy and the risk of early intracranial hemorrhage following systemic thrombolysis for acute ischemic stroke. Cerebrovasc Dis 2003;16:183–190.
209.
Deutsche Gesellschaft für Neurologie (DGN): Leitlinien: Status epilepticus im Erwachsenenalter. Deutsche Gesellschaft für Neurologie, 2003.
210.
Mayer SA, Rincon F: Treatment of intracerebral haemorrhage. Lancet Neurol 2005;4:662–672.
211.
Diener HC, Bogousslavsky J, Brass LM, Cimminiello C, Csiba L, Kaste M, Leys D, Matias-Guiu J, Rupprecht HJ: Aspirin and clopidogrel compared with clopidogrel alone after recent ischaemic stroke or transient ischaemic attack in high-risk patients (MATCH): randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 2004;364:331–337.
212.
The SPARCL Investigators: The Stroke Prevention by Aggressive Reduction in Cholesterol Levels (SPARCL) study. Cerebrovasc Dis 2006;21(suppl 4):1.
213.
Orgogozo JM, Asplund K, Boysen G: A unified form for neurological scoring of hemispheric stroke with motor impairment. Stroke 1992;23:1678–1679.
214.
Chillon J-M, Baumbach GI: Autoregulation: arterial and intracranial pressure; in Edvinsson L, Krause DN (eds): Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism, ed 2. Philadelphia, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2002, pp 395–412.
215.
Toni D, Chamorro A, Kaste M, Lees K, Wahlgren NG, Hacke W, for the EUSI Executive Committee; and the EUSI Writing Committee: Acute treatment of ischaemic stroke. Cerebrovasc Dis 2004;17(suppl 2): 30–46.
216.
Kondziolka D, Lunsford LD, Kestle JR: The natural history of cerebral cavernous malformations. J Neurosurg 1995;83:820–824.
217.
NINDS ICH Workshop Participants: Priorities for clinical research in intracerebral hemorrhage. Report from a national institute of neurologic disorders and stroke workshop. Stroke 2005;36:e23–e41.
© 2006 S. Karger AG, Basel
2006
Copyright / Drug Dosage / Disclaimer
Copyright: All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be translated into other languages, reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, microcopying, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher.
Drug Dosage: The authors and the publisher have exerted every effort to ensure that drug selection and dosage set forth in this text are in accord with current recommendations and practice at the time of publication. However, in view of ongoing research, changes in government regulations, and the constant flow of information relating to drug therapy and drug reactions, the reader is urged to check the package insert for each drug for any changes in indications and dosage and for added warnings and precautions. This is particularly important when the recommended agent is a new and/or infrequently employed drug.
Disclaimer: The statements, opinions and data contained in this publication are solely those of the individual authors and contributors and not of the publishers and the editor(s). The appearance of advertisements or/and product references in the publication is not a warranty, endorsement, or approval of the products or services advertised or of their effectiveness, quality or safety. The publisher and the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to persons or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content or advertisements.
You do not currently have access to this content.