European Neurology

Download Fulltext PDF

Historical Note

Free Access

Searching the Footprints of Pioneers on Neurology: A Bibliometric Analysis

Park K.M.a · Kim J.-E.b · Kim Y.c · Kim S.E.a · Yoon D.Y.d · Bae J.S.c

Author affiliations

aDepartment of Neurology, College of Medicine, Inje University, Busan, bDepartment of Neurology, Seoul Medical Center, and Departments of cNeurology and dRadiology, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Seoul, Korea

Corresponding Author

Dae Young Yoon or Jong Seok Bae

Department of Radiology or Department of Neurology

Kangdong Sacred Heart Hospital, College of Medicine, Hallym University

150 Seongan-ro, Gangdong-gu, Seoul 134-701 (Korea)

E-Mail daeyoung@hallym.or.kr or lwsbae@naver.com

Keywords: Bibliometric analysisCitationNeurologyNeurologist

Related Articles for ""
Eur Neurol 2017;77:152-161
https://doi.org/10.1159/000455843

Abstract

Background: We identify the most cited articles that have influenced the clinical practices of neurologists. Methods: We first analyzed the top 100 cited articles published in 50 neurology journals with high impact factors. We collected all of the original articles on clinical neurology published in all 554 medical journals. The Institute for Scientific Information Web of Science search tools were used to identify the top 100 cited articles in the database of Journal Citation Reports since 1950, which were then manually reviewed to discover their contents. Results: In the first part of analysis, the top 100 cited articles were all published in 17 journals, with 26 articles published in Neurology. The most frequent topic subject of neurodegeneration appeared in 40 articles. The second part of the analysis revealed that the top 100 cited articles were also all published in 17 journals, with 30 articles published in New England Journal of Medicine. In contrast to the first part of the analysis, stroke was the most frequent topic subject (in 38 articles). Conclusions: Our bibliometric analysis has yielded 2 detailed lists of the top 100 cited articles that were listed separately using different methods. This approach can provide information about the trends and academic achievements in the field of clinical neurology.

© 2017 S. Karger AG, Basel

Introduction

Several bibliometric analyses have identified the most cited articles in various fields of clinical medicine [1,2,3,4,5,6,7]. Each of these reports has collected and reviewed the most cited works, which has influenced the practices of clinicians and the basic approaches applied in medical sciences [1,2,3,4,5,6,7]. However, unlike in other areas of clinical medicine, there have been no analyses of the citation classics in clinical neurology or the most cited works or contributions in clinical neurology. We presume that this is due to the difficulties associated with the requirement for confidentiality among clinical subjects in neurology.

Various clinical neurology journals focus on basic science, pathology, and experimental neurobiology, as well as on pure clinical neurology. Moreover, the articles in several clinical neurology journals seem to be cited by journals in other subject areas, including basic science, computational science, and neuroscience. These characteristics mean that it is not always possible to estimate or grade influential articles only by performing a citation analysis. Moreover, a considerable proportion of the researches in clinical neurology and neuroscience are characterized by overlapping study purposes or analysis methods, which means that articles on similar subjects can be published in clinical neurology and neuroscience journals.

Based on the above considerations, the analysis performed in this study used 2 different approaches. Because the boundaries between clinical neurology and neuroscience are sometimes ambiguous, we firstly analyzed the most cited articles from the top 50 journals on clinical neurology as classified by the Institute for Scientific Information (ISI). In the second part of the analysis, we analyzed the data confined to original contributions that potentially influence the clinical practices of neurologists.

The aim of this study was to identify the most cited works in the field of clinical neurology and review the landmark researches influencing and advancing clinical practices and related basic neuroscience.

Materials and Methods

We searched journals to select the most cited articles by utilizing the ISI Web of Science database (Thomson Reuters, New York, NY, USA). Based on the Science Edition 2014 of Journal Citation Reports, journals covering 3 topics were included: 192 journals on clinical neurology, 252 journals on neuroscience, and 110 journals on general and internal medicine. For each included journal, we retrieved all articles that were cited more than 100 times at the time of the search (February 2016) using the “cited reference search” facility of the expanded version of the Science Citation Index of the ISI Web of Science.

First Part of the Analysis: The Top 100 Cited Articles in Neurology Journals

In the first part of the analysis, we firstly selected the 50 top-ranked journals (based on impact factor) in clinical neurology from the ISI Web of Science (the titles of the journals are listed in online supplementary Table 1; for all online suppl. material, see www.karger.com/doi/10.1159/000455843). Only the journals focusing on clinical neurology were selected, and we excluded specific journals with relatively narrow focuses on pure neuroscience (i.e., Neuroscientist and Brain Stimulation), pathology, neurosurgery (i.e., Journal of Neurotrauma), psychiatry (or psychology), aphasiology (very specific topic), pain (general and broad), rehabilitation, or radiology. However, we included journals on sleep medicine, headache, clinical neurophysiology, and neurogenetics, and journals related to diagnostic tools used in clinical neurology (e.g., electrodiagnostic medicine).

Second Part of the Analysis: The 100 Most Influential Articles for the Clinical Practices of Neurologists

Articles were selected in the second part of the analysis from journals on clinical issues rather than theoretical topics. The selected articles had influenced the clinical practices of neurologists, especially in clinical diagnosis, epidemiological characteristics, key mechanisms of disease, therapeutic trials, and prognosis predictions. In addition, this part of the enrollment was confined to original articles (with clearly stated objectives or hypotheses and containing comprehensive methods and results sections), since many top-ranked articles might only be review articles, reports on consensus statements, or guidelines. Articles on meta-analyses or systematic reviews were also excluded.

The above-described procedure resulted in the top 100 cited articles being selected and reviewed in the first and second parts of the analysis, respectively. Two neurologists (J.S.B. and K.M.P.) manually reviewed the contents of articles independently. If there were any disagreements between these 2 authors about the selections, another 2 neurologists (J.-E.K. and Y.K.) determined the final selections. The following information about the articles was extracted: (i) year of publication, (ii) journal title, (iii) number of citations, (iv) authorship, (v) author affiliations, (vi) author nationalities, and (vii) topic subjects (categorized into stroke and atherosclerosis, neurodegeneration and cognitive impairment, multiple sclerosis [MS], movement disorders, epilepsy, headache, neuromuscular disorders, sleep disorders, or others). When the authors of an article had more than one affiliation, the department, institution, and country of origin were defined by the affiliation of the corresponding author.

This study did not need to be reviewed by an ethics committee since it performed a bibliometric analysis of existing published studies. Data are presented using descriptive statistics, and no tests of statistical significance were performed.

Results

We selected the top 100 cited articles for further analysis and ranked them according to the number of citations in the first and second parts of the analysis (Table 1; online suppl. Tables 2, 3). In the first part of the analysis, the most- and least-cited articles received 18,700 and 1,097 citations, respectively; the corresponding values in the second part of the analysis were 5,182 and 976 citations.

Table 1

Top 10 cited articles

http://www.karger.com/WebMaterial/ShowPic/533142

The top cited articles in the first part of the analysis were all published in 17 journals (Table 2). Fifty-seven articles were retrieved from 3 journals: Neurology (26 articles), Annals of Neurology (21 articles), and Brain (10 articles). The top cited articles in the second part of the analysis were also all published in 17 journals (Table 2). Sixty-eight articles were retrieved from 3 journals: New England Journal of Medicine (30 articles), Lancet (26 articles), and JAMA - Journal of the America Medical Association (12 articles). Table 3 lists the top-ranked institutions publishing more than 2 or more citation classics in the first and second parts of the analysis. The 12 institutions provided 2 or more top cited articles in the first part of the analysis. The institutions associated with the largest number of citation classics were Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, UCLA School of Medicine (3 articles), Beth Israel Hospital (3 articles), and Boston University (3 articles) in the USA. In the second part of the analysis, 9 institutions provided 2 or more top cited articles. The institution associated with the largest number of citation classics was Western General Hospital in the UK (5 articles), followed by Columbia University in the USA (3 articles), and University of Heidelberg in Germany (3 articles).

Table 2

Top-ranked journals

http://www.karger.com/WebMaterial/ShowPic/533141

Table 3

Top-ranked institutions publishing more than 2 citation classics

http://www.karger.com/WebMaterial/ShowPic/533140

M.M. Mesulam, who was the first author of 6 articles, was the most frequently listed author in citation classics in the first part of the analysis, while W. Hacke was listed most frequently in the second part of the analysis (7 articles; online suppl. Table 4).

The top 100 cited articles in the first part of the analysis originated from institutions in 11 countries, with the USA contributing 68 articles, followed by the UK (15 articles), Netherlands (3 articles), Austria (3 articles), and Canada (3 articles; Table 4). In the second part of the analysis, the top 100 cited articles originated from institutions in 16 countries, with the USA contributing 55 articles, followed by the UK (13 articles) and Canada (9 articles; Table 4). These data indicate that more than two-thirds and one-half of the top 100 cited articles originated from the USA in the first and second parts of the analysis, respectively.

Table 4

Countries of origin associated with articles identified as citation classics

http://www.karger.com/WebMaterial/ShowPic/533139

The years of publication are listed in Figure 1 for the first and second parts of the analysis. The publication years were concentrated in the 1990s in both parts. In the first part of the analysis, the earliest recorded article was published in 1965 and the most recent article was published in 2011; the corresponding years in the second part of the analysis were 1962 and 2010.

Fig. 1

Years of publication for the top 100 cited articles. a First part of analysis; b second part of analysis.

http://www.karger.com/WebMaterial/ShowPic/533138

Neurodegeneration and cognitive impairment was the most frequent topic subject (40 articles), followed by MS (12 articles), stroke and atherosclerosis (11 articles), movement disorders (8 articles), sleep disorders (4 articles), epilepsy (3 articles), neuromuscular disorders (1 articles), and others (21 articles; 17 articles on neuroscience, 1 on cerebral palsy, 1 on acquired immunodeficiency syndrome [AIDS], 1 on neurofibromatosis, and 1 on neuromyelitis optica [NMO]). In contrast to the first part of the analysis, the most frequent topic subject in the second part of the analysis was stroke and atherosclerosis (38 articles), followed by neurodegeneration and cognitive impairment (27 articles), MS (9 articles), movement disorders (4 articles), epilepsy (3 articles), headache (2 articles), neuromuscular disorders (2 articles), sleep disorders (2 articles), and others (13 articles; 4 articles on AIDS, 3 on hypothermia, 1 on magnetic stimulation, 1 on myelopathy, 1 on Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, 1 on reversible posterior leukoencephalopathy syndrome, 1 on NMO, and 1 on progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy).

Discussion

In this study, we searched journals to select the most cited articles by utilizing the ISI database. The ISI Web of Science is a multidisciplinary database providing the most relevant bibliometric information from published scientific articles since 1950; it fully indexes more than 8,600 major journals across 176 topic subjects. The Web of Science is one of the important databases in ISI for analyzing citation counts and other information related to academic impact [8].

The first part of the analysis involved an essentially technical stratification based only on the rank after quantifying the numbers of citations in specifically selected journals. We chose this method because articles in the clinical neurology field are often difficult to classify into either clinical neurology or basic neuroscience, or into clinical neuroscience or basic neuroscience. The first part of the analysis revealed that the most cited journal was Neurology, which is the official journal of the American Academy of Neurology.

Many of the original articles included in the second part of the analysis reported on landmark studies of well-accepted theories that had also been mentioned in neurology textbooks. For example, the top-ranked article on a trial of intravenous recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA) changed the emergent clinical management of hyperacute stroke [9]. That study demonstrated that the intravenous administration of t-PA within 3 h of the onset of ischemic stroke improved the clinical outcome at 3 months. Additionally, the topic subject in 8 of the 10 top cited articles was stroke, which could be due to stroke being one of the most common neurological diseases.

However, there is a concern regarding the present citation analysis in the field of stroke, which should be addressed. Hypertension and diabetes mellitus (a prototype of chronic adult disease) are now well-known representative risk factors for ischemic stroke as well as other vascular events [10]. One of the main current goals of anticoagulation in atrial fibrillation is preventing cardioembolic stroke [11]. In this context, ischemic stroke is considered one of many possible types of vascular event, which might result in some overlap among various neurology, cardiology, and endocrinology journals. Because the present analysis was focused on influencing clinical decision-making by neurologists, some relevant articles on stroke published in cardiology and endocrinology journals might have been overlooked.

The second most common topic subject of the top 100 cited articles was neurodegeneration, including dementia. The most frequently cited research in the articles on dementia involved analyses of apolipoprotein E (APOE) alleles in several case reports of sporadic Alzheimer's dementia (AD) [12]. That study revealed that the APOE type-epsilon-4 allele was significantly associated with a series of probable sporadic AD patients, supporting the involvement of this allele in the pathogenesis of late-onset familial and sporadic AD. The APOE type-epsilon-4 allele is now a well-known risk factor for AD among neurologists [13].

Most of the articles on MS, which was the third most common topic subject among the top 100 cited articles, reported on analyses of the effects of disease-modifying agents, such as interferon beta-1a, interferon beta-1b, and natalizumab [14,15,16,17,18], which are now well-accepted treatment strategies. There was one article on the pathogenic aquaporin-4 antibody for NMO [19]. All neurologists would now identify the aquaporin-4 antibody in the differential clinical diagnosis between MS and NMO [20].

There have been several citation classics on movement disorders. All of them reported researches of Parkinson disease (PD) [21,22,23,24], and they focused either on currently well-accepted or epoch-making trials such as deep brain stimulation or embryonic cell transplantation [21,22,23]. Two of the 4 articles on PD reported on studies involving deep brain stimulation [21,22]. One of these studies found that electrical stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus was an effective treatment for advanced PD [21], with PD patients exhibiting improved motor function while off medication at 1 year after surgery. The other study demonstrated the long-term benefit of bilateral stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus in patients with advanced PD [22]. Deep brain stimulation is currently the most frequently performed surgical procedure for the patients with medically intractable symptoms of PD.

The top-ranked articles in the field of epilepsy reported on landmark studies regarding epilepsy treatment including pharmacotherapy and surgery [25,26]. The top-ranked article on epilepsy reported an observational cohort study of newly diagnosed epilepsy suggesting that once a patient had not responded in trials of 2 appropriate antiepileptic drugs (AEDs), the probability of achieving seizure freedom with subsequent AEDs was only modest [26]. That article influenced a consensus regarding the definition of drug-resistant epilepsy proposed by the ad hoc Task Force of the ILAE commission, and provided general neurologists with guidelines for when to refer patients with epilepsy to an epilepsy center [27].

A particular finding of the present study was the identification of 4 AIDS-related articles among the top 100 cited articles [28,29,30,31]. Neurological disease occurs frequently in patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Most of the articles are related to neurological complications or manifestations of AIDS [28,29], with those of the nervous system consisting of infections, tumors, vascular complications, and cranial and peripheral neuropathies. These articles help neurologists to evaluate and manage HIV-infected patients. In addition, there were 3 articles on treatments for induced hypothermia in patients after resuscitation [32,33,34]. The top-ranked article on therapeutic hypothermia was authored by Bernard et al. [33] in 2002, which described a study involving patients assigned randomly to treatment with either hypothermia or normothermia. That study was the first to demonstrate that treatment with therapeutic hypothermia appeared to improve outcomes in patients with coma after resuscitation from cardiac arrest. Subsequent clinical trials have confirmed that therapeutic hypothermia improves survival and neurological recovery in comatose survivors of cardiac arrest [32,34], which has led to therapeutic hypothermia being recommended as a standard care method for survivors of cardiac arrest [35].

Moreover, we identified other landmark researches influencing and advancing the clinical practices and relevant basic neuroscience in various fields. An article proposing that the pathogenic antibody of myasthenia gravis is an antibody for the acetylcholine receptor is one of the citation classics in the field of neuromuscular disorders [36]. In addition, an article about variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease originating from the UK was published in 1996, which was a hot social issue during that period and frequently cited in subsequent articles [37]. A riluzole trial in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis was nominated as a citation classic for the treatment trial of this notorious neurological disease [38]. That research, demonstrating that obstructive sleep apnea syndrome significantly increases the risk of stroke or death independently of other risk factors, may have led neurologists to actively engage in the diagnosis and treatment of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome [39].

There were inherent limitations in the current citation classics, such as debate regarding the value of citation rates [40]. In addition, the method of the use of the total citations favors older publications and older journals [40]. The citation of a scientific article usually follows a time lapse and is usually not cited until 1-2 years after publication, reaches a peak after 3-10 years, and then declines [40]. This normal life span of a publication shows that evaluating the rank and significance of recent publications is limited. However, reviewing articles that are cited frequently can provide information about the dominant areas of a discipline and highlight the growth of particular fields as well as the work that influences clinical practices the most. In addition, the impact factor, which is a marker of citations, is widely used to indicate the importance of a given journal in its specific field of interest, and has emerged as a marker of the quality and rank of journals [40].

In conclusion, our bibliometric analysis has yielded 2 detailed lists of the top 100 cited articles that were listed separately using different methods. This approach can provide information about the trends and academic achievements in the field of clinical neurology.

Disclosure Statement

The authors have no conflicts of interest to disclose.


Related Articles:

References

  1. Baltussen A, Kindler CH: Citation classics in critical care medicine. Intensive Care Med 2004;30:902-910.
    External Resources
  2. Baltussen A, Kindler CH: Citation classics in anesthetic journals. Anesth Analg 2004;98:443-451.
    External Resources
  3. Loonen MP, Hage JJ, Kon M: Plastic surgery classics: characteristics of 50 top-cited articles in four plastic surgery journals since 1946. Plast Reconstr Surg 2008;121:320e-327e.
    External Resources
  4. Tsai YL, Lee CC, Chen SC, Yen ZS: Top-cited articles in emergency medicine. Am J Emerg Med 2006;24:647-654.
    External Resources
  5. Brandt JS, Downing AC, Howard DL, Kofinas JD, Chasen ST: Citation classics in obstetrics and gynecology: the 100 most frequently cited journal articles in the last 50 years. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2010;203:351.e1-e7.
    External Resources
  6. Kelly JC, Glynn RW, O'Briain DE, Felle P, McCabe JP: The 100 classic papers of orthopaedic surgery: a bibliometric analysis. J Bone Joint Surg Br 2010;92:1338-1343.
    External Resources
  7. Paladugu R, Schein M, Gardezi S, Wise L: One hundred citation classics in general surgical journals. World J Surg 2002;26:1099-1105.
    External Resources
  8. Leydesdorff L, Carley S, Rafols I: Global maps of science based on the new Web-of-Science categories. Scientometrics 2013;94:589-593.
    External Resources
  9. Tissue plasminogen activator for acute ischemic stroke. The National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke rt-PA Stroke Study Group. N Engl J Med 1995;333:1581-1587.
    External Resources
  10. O'Donnell MJ, Chin SL, Rangarajan S, Xavier D, Liu L, Zhang H, Rao-Melacini P, Zhang X, Pais P, Agapay S, et al: Global and regional effects of potentially modifiable risk factors associated with acute stroke in 32 countries (INTERSTROKE): a case-control study. Lancet 2016;388:761-775.
    External Resources
  11. van Walraven C, Hart RG, Singer DE, Laupacis A, Connolly S, Petersen P, Koudstaal PJ, Chang Y, Hellemons B: Oral anticoagulants vs aspirin in nonvalvular atrial fibrillation: an individual patient meta-analysis. JAMA 2002;288:2441-2448.
    External Resources
  12. Saunders AM, Strittmatter WJ, Schmechel D, George-Hyslop PH, Pericak-Vance MA, Joo SH, Rosi BL, Gusella JF, Crapper-MacLachlan DR, Alberts MJ, et al: Association of apolipoprotein E allele epsilon 4 with late-onset familial and sporadic Alzheimer's disease. Neurology 1993;43:1467-1472.
    External Resources
  13. Mayeux R, Saunders AM, Shea S, Mirra S, Evans D, Roses AD, Hyman BT, Crain B, Tang MX, Phelps CH: Utility of the apolipoprotein E genotype in the diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease. Alzheimer's Disease Centers Consortium on Apolipoprotein E and Alzheimer's Disease. N Engl J Med 1998;338:506-511.
    External Resources
  14. Jacobs LD, Cookfair DL, Rudick RA, Herndon RM, Richert JR, Salazar AM, Fischer JS, Goodkin DE, Granger CV, Simon JH, et al: Intramuscular interferon beta-1a for disease progression in relapsing multiple sclerosis. The Multiple Sclerosis Collaborative Research Group (MSCRG). Ann Neurol 1996;39:285-294.
    External Resources
  15. Interferon beta-1b is effective in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. I. Clinical results of a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. The IFNB Multiple Sclerosis Study Group. Neurology 1993;43:655-661.
    External Resources
  16. Polman CH, O'Connor PW, Havrdova E, Hutchinson M, Kappos L, Miller DH, Phillips JT, Lublin FD, Giovannoni G, Wajgt A, et al: A randomized, placebo-controlled trial of natalizumab for relapsing multiple sclerosis. N Engl J Med 2006;354:899-910.
    External Resources
  17. Randomised double-blind placebo-controlled study of interferon beta-1a in relapsing/remitting multiple sclerosis. PRISMS (Prevention of Relapses and Disability by Interferon beta-1a Subcutaneously in Multiple Sclerosis) Study Group. Lancet 1998;352:1498-1504.
    External Resources
  18. Paty DW, Li DK: Interferon beta-1b is effective in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. II. MRI analysis results of a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. UBC MS/MRI Study Group and the IFNB Multiple Sclerosis Study Group. Neurology 1993;43:662-667.
    External Resources
  19. Lennon VA, Wingerchuk DM, Kryzer TJ, Pittock SJ, Lucchinetti CF, Fujihara K, Nakashima I, Weinshenker BG: A serum autoantibody marker of neuromyelitis optica: distinction from multiple sclerosis. Lancet 2004;364:2106-2112.
    External Resources
  20. Tan CT, Mao Z, Qiu W, Hu X, Wingerchuk DM, Weinshenker BG: International consensus diagnostic criteria for neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders. Neurology 2016;86:491-492.
    External Resources
  21. Limousin P, Krack P, Pollak P, Benazzouz A, Ardouin C, Hoffmann D, Benabid AL: Electrical stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus in advanced Parkinson's disease. N Engl J Med 1998;339:1105-1111.
    External Resources
  22. Krack P, Batir A, Van Blercom N, Chabardes S, Fraix V, Ardouin C, Koudsie A, Limousin PD, Benazzouz A, LeBas JF, et al: Five-year follow-up of bilateral stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus in advanced Parkinson's disease. N Engl J Med 2003;349:1925-1934.
    External Resources
  23. Freed CR, Greene PE, Breeze RE, Tsai WY, DuMouchel W, Kao R, Dillon S, Winfield H, Culver S, Trojanowski JQ, et al: Transplantation of embryonic dopamine neurons for severe Parkinson's disease. N Engl J Med 2001;344:710-719.
    External Resources
  24. Kish SJ, Shannak K, Hornykiewicz O: Uneven pattern of dopamine loss in the striatum of patients with idiopathic Parkinson's disease. Pathophysiologic and clinical implications. N Engl J Med 1988;318:876-880.
    External Resources
  25. Wiebe S, Blume WT, Girvin JP, Eliasziw M; Effectiveness and Efficiency of Surgery for Temporal Lobe Epilepsy Study Group: A randomized, controlled trial of surgery for temporal-lobe epilepsy. N Engl J Med 2001;345:311-318.
    External Resources
  26. Kwan P, Brodie MJ: Early identification of refractory epilepsy. N Engl J Med 2000;342:314-319.
    External Resources
  27. Kwan P, Arzimanoglou A, Berg AT, Brodie MJ, Allen Hauser W, Mathern G, Moshé SL, Perucca E, Wiebe S, French J: Definition of drug resistant epilepsy: consensus proposal by the ad hoc Task Force of the ILAE Commission on Therapeutic Strategies. Epilepsia 2010;51:1069-1077.
    External Resources
  28. Levy RM, Bredesen DE, Rosenblum ML: Neurological manifestations of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS): experience at UCSF and review of the literature. J Neurosurg 1985;62:475-495.
    External Resources
  29. Snider WD, Simpson DM, Nielsen S, Gold JW, Metroka CE, Posner JB: Neurological complications of acquired immune deficiency syndrome: analysis of 50 patients. Ann Neurol 1983;14:403-418.
    External Resources
  30. Ho DD, Rota TR, Schooley RT, Kaplan JC, Allan JD, Groopman JE, Resnick L, Felsenstein D, Andrews CA, Hirsch MS: Isolation of HTLV-III from cerebrospinal fluid and neural tissues of patients with neurologic syndromes related to the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. N Engl J Med 1985;313:1493-1497.
    External Resources
  31. Navia BA, Cho ES, Petito CK, Price RW: The AIDS dementia complex: II. Neuropathology. Ann Neurol 1986;19:525-535.
    External Resources
  32. Mild therapeutic hypothermia to improve the neurologic outcome after cardiac arrest. N Engl J Med 2002;346:549-556.
    External Resources
  33. Bernard SA, Gray TW, Buist MD, Jones BM, Silvester W, Gutteridge G, Smith K: Treatment of comatose survivors of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest with induced hypothermia. N Engl J Med 2002;346:557-563.
    External Resources
  34. Gluckman PD, Wyatt JS, Azzopardi D, Ballard R, Edwards AD, Ferriero DM, Polin RA, Robertson CM, Thoresen M, Whitelaw A, et al: Selective head cooling with mild systemic hypothermia after neonatal encephalopathy: multicentre randomised trial. Lancet 2005;365:663-670.
    External Resources
  35. ECC Committee, Subcommittees and Task Forces of the American Heart Association: 2005 American Heart Association Guidelines for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care. Circulation 2005;112(24 suppl):IV1-IV203.
    External Resources
  36. Lindstrom JM, Seybold ME, Lennon VA, Whittingham S, Duane DD: Antibody to acetylcholine receptor in myasthenia gravis. Prevalence, clinical correlates, and diagnostic value. Neurology 1976;26:1054-1059.
    External Resources
  37. Will RG, Ironside JW, Zeidler M, Cousens SN, Estibeiro K, Alperovitch A, Poser S, Pocchiari M, Hofman A, Smith PG: A new variant of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in the UK. Lancet 1996;347:921-925.
    External Resources
  38. Bensimon G, Lacomblez L, Meininger V: A controlled trial of riluzole in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. ALS/Riluzole Study Group. N Engl J Med 1994;330:585-591.
    External Resources
  39. Yaggi HK, Concato J, Kernan WN, Lichtman JH, Brass LM, Mohsenin V: Obstructive sleep apnea as a risk factor for stroke and death. N Engl J Med 2005;353:2034-2041.
    External Resources
  40. Pepe A, Kurtz MJ: A measure of total research impact independent of time and discipline. PLoS One 2012;7:e46428.
    External Resources

Author Contacts

Dae Young Yoon or Jong Seok Bae

Department of Radiology or Department of Neurology

Kangdong Sacred Heart Hospital, College of Medicine, Hallym University

150 Seongan-ro, Gangdong-gu, Seoul 134-701 (Korea)

E-Mail daeyoung@hallym.or.kr or lwsbae@naver.com

Article / Publication Details

First-Page Preview
Abstract of Historical Note

Received: November 23, 2016
Accepted: January 04, 2017
Published online: January 20, 2017
Issue release date: March 2017

Number of Print Pages: 10
Number of Figures: 1
Number of Tables: 4

ISSN: 0014-3022 (Print)
eISSN: 1421-9913 (Online)

For additional information: https://www.karger.com/ENE

Copyright / Drug Dosage / Disclaimer

Copyright: All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be translated into other languages, reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, microcopying, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher.
Drug Dosage: The authors and the publisher have exerted every effort to ensure that drug selection and dosage set forth in this text are in accord with current recommendations and practice at the time of publication. However, in view of ongoing research, changes in government regulations, and the constant flow of information relating to drug therapy and drug reactions, the reader is urged to check the package insert for each drug for any changes in indications and dosage and for added warnings and precautions. This is particularly important when the recommended agent is a new and/or infrequently employed drug.
Disclaimer: The statements, opinions and data contained in this publication are solely those of the individual authors and contributors and not of the publishers and the editor(s). The appearance of advertisements or/and product references in the publication is not a warranty, endorsement, or approval of the products or services advertised or of their effectiveness, quality or safety. The publisher and the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to persons or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content or advertisements.

References

  1. Baltussen A, Kindler CH: Citation classics in critical care medicine. Intensive Care Med 2004;30:902-910.
    External Resources
  2. Baltussen A, Kindler CH: Citation classics in anesthetic journals. Anesth Analg 2004;98:443-451.
    External Resources
  3. Loonen MP, Hage JJ, Kon M: Plastic surgery classics: characteristics of 50 top-cited articles in four plastic surgery journals since 1946. Plast Reconstr Surg 2008;121:320e-327e.
    External Resources
  4. Tsai YL, Lee CC, Chen SC, Yen ZS: Top-cited articles in emergency medicine. Am J Emerg Med 2006;24:647-654.
    External Resources
  5. Brandt JS, Downing AC, Howard DL, Kofinas JD, Chasen ST: Citation classics in obstetrics and gynecology: the 100 most frequently cited journal articles in the last 50 years. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2010;203:351.e1-e7.
    External Resources
  6. Kelly JC, Glynn RW, O'Briain DE, Felle P, McCabe JP: The 100 classic papers of orthopaedic surgery: a bibliometric analysis. J Bone Joint Surg Br 2010;92:1338-1343.
    External Resources
  7. Paladugu R, Schein M, Gardezi S, Wise L: One hundred citation classics in general surgical journals. World J Surg 2002;26:1099-1105.
    External Resources
  8. Leydesdorff L, Carley S, Rafols I: Global maps of science based on the new Web-of-Science categories. Scientometrics 2013;94:589-593.
    External Resources
  9. Tissue plasminogen activator for acute ischemic stroke. The National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke rt-PA Stroke Study Group. N Engl J Med 1995;333:1581-1587.
    External Resources
  10. O'Donnell MJ, Chin SL, Rangarajan S, Xavier D, Liu L, Zhang H, Rao-Melacini P, Zhang X, Pais P, Agapay S, et al: Global and regional effects of potentially modifiable risk factors associated with acute stroke in 32 countries (INTERSTROKE): a case-control study. Lancet 2016;388:761-775.
    External Resources
  11. van Walraven C, Hart RG, Singer DE, Laupacis A, Connolly S, Petersen P, Koudstaal PJ, Chang Y, Hellemons B: Oral anticoagulants vs aspirin in nonvalvular atrial fibrillation: an individual patient meta-analysis. JAMA 2002;288:2441-2448.
    External Resources
  12. Saunders AM, Strittmatter WJ, Schmechel D, George-Hyslop PH, Pericak-Vance MA, Joo SH, Rosi BL, Gusella JF, Crapper-MacLachlan DR, Alberts MJ, et al: Association of apolipoprotein E allele epsilon 4 with late-onset familial and sporadic Alzheimer's disease. Neurology 1993;43:1467-1472.
    External Resources
  13. Mayeux R, Saunders AM, Shea S, Mirra S, Evans D, Roses AD, Hyman BT, Crain B, Tang MX, Phelps CH: Utility of the apolipoprotein E genotype in the diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease. Alzheimer's Disease Centers Consortium on Apolipoprotein E and Alzheimer's Disease. N Engl J Med 1998;338:506-511.
    External Resources
  14. Jacobs LD, Cookfair DL, Rudick RA, Herndon RM, Richert JR, Salazar AM, Fischer JS, Goodkin DE, Granger CV, Simon JH, et al: Intramuscular interferon beta-1a for disease progression in relapsing multiple sclerosis. The Multiple Sclerosis Collaborative Research Group (MSCRG). Ann Neurol 1996;39:285-294.
    External Resources
  15. Interferon beta-1b is effective in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. I. Clinical results of a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. The IFNB Multiple Sclerosis Study Group. Neurology 1993;43:655-661.
    External Resources
  16. Polman CH, O'Connor PW, Havrdova E, Hutchinson M, Kappos L, Miller DH, Phillips JT, Lublin FD, Giovannoni G, Wajgt A, et al: A randomized, placebo-controlled trial of natalizumab for relapsing multiple sclerosis. N Engl J Med 2006;354:899-910.
    External Resources
  17. Randomised double-blind placebo-controlled study of interferon beta-1a in relapsing/remitting multiple sclerosis. PRISMS (Prevention of Relapses and Disability by Interferon beta-1a Subcutaneously in Multiple Sclerosis) Study Group. Lancet 1998;352:1498-1504.
    External Resources
  18. Paty DW, Li DK: Interferon beta-1b is effective in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. II. MRI analysis results of a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. UBC MS/MRI Study Group and the IFNB Multiple Sclerosis Study Group. Neurology 1993;43:662-667.
    External Resources
  19. Lennon VA, Wingerchuk DM, Kryzer TJ, Pittock SJ, Lucchinetti CF, Fujihara K, Nakashima I, Weinshenker BG: A serum autoantibody marker of neuromyelitis optica: distinction from multiple sclerosis. Lancet 2004;364:2106-2112.
    External Resources
  20. Tan CT, Mao Z, Qiu W, Hu X, Wingerchuk DM, Weinshenker BG: International consensus diagnostic criteria for neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders. Neurology 2016;86:491-492.
    External Resources
  21. Limousin P, Krack P, Pollak P, Benazzouz A, Ardouin C, Hoffmann D, Benabid AL: Electrical stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus in advanced Parkinson's disease. N Engl J Med 1998;339:1105-1111.
    External Resources
  22. Krack P, Batir A, Van Blercom N, Chabardes S, Fraix V, Ardouin C, Koudsie A, Limousin PD, Benazzouz A, LeBas JF, et al: Five-year follow-up of bilateral stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus in advanced Parkinson's disease. N Engl J Med 2003;349:1925-1934.
    External Resources
  23. Freed CR, Greene PE, Breeze RE, Tsai WY, DuMouchel W, Kao R, Dillon S, Winfield H, Culver S, Trojanowski JQ, et al: Transplantation of embryonic dopamine neurons for severe Parkinson's disease. N Engl J Med 2001;344:710-719.
    External Resources
  24. Kish SJ, Shannak K, Hornykiewicz O: Uneven pattern of dopamine loss in the striatum of patients with idiopathic Parkinson's disease. Pathophysiologic and clinical implications. N Engl J Med 1988;318:876-880.
    External Resources
  25. Wiebe S, Blume WT, Girvin JP, Eliasziw M; Effectiveness and Efficiency of Surgery for Temporal Lobe Epilepsy Study Group: A randomized, controlled trial of surgery for temporal-lobe epilepsy. N Engl J Med 2001;345:311-318.
    External Resources
  26. Kwan P, Brodie MJ: Early identification of refractory epilepsy. N Engl J Med 2000;342:314-319.
    External Resources
  27. Kwan P, Arzimanoglou A, Berg AT, Brodie MJ, Allen Hauser W, Mathern G, Moshé SL, Perucca E, Wiebe S, French J: Definition of drug resistant epilepsy: consensus proposal by the ad hoc Task Force of the ILAE Commission on Therapeutic Strategies. Epilepsia 2010;51:1069-1077.
    External Resources
  28. Levy RM, Bredesen DE, Rosenblum ML: Neurological manifestations of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS): experience at UCSF and review of the literature. J Neurosurg 1985;62:475-495.
    External Resources
  29. Snider WD, Simpson DM, Nielsen S, Gold JW, Metroka CE, Posner JB: Neurological complications of acquired immune deficiency syndrome: analysis of 50 patients. Ann Neurol 1983;14:403-418.
    External Resources
  30. Ho DD, Rota TR, Schooley RT, Kaplan JC, Allan JD, Groopman JE, Resnick L, Felsenstein D, Andrews CA, Hirsch MS: Isolation of HTLV-III from cerebrospinal fluid and neural tissues of patients with neurologic syndromes related to the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. N Engl J Med 1985;313:1493-1497.
    External Resources
  31. Navia BA, Cho ES, Petito CK, Price RW: The AIDS dementia complex: II. Neuropathology. Ann Neurol 1986;19:525-535.
    External Resources
  32. Mild therapeutic hypothermia to improve the neurologic outcome after cardiac arrest. N Engl J Med 2002;346:549-556.
    External Resources
  33. Bernard SA, Gray TW, Buist MD, Jones BM, Silvester W, Gutteridge G, Smith K: Treatment of comatose survivors of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest with induced hypothermia. N Engl J Med 2002;346:557-563.
    External Resources
  34. Gluckman PD, Wyatt JS, Azzopardi D, Ballard R, Edwards AD, Ferriero DM, Polin RA, Robertson CM, Thoresen M, Whitelaw A, et al: Selective head cooling with mild systemic hypothermia after neonatal encephalopathy: multicentre randomised trial. Lancet 2005;365:663-670.
    External Resources
  35. ECC Committee, Subcommittees and Task Forces of the American Heart Association: 2005 American Heart Association Guidelines for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care. Circulation 2005;112(24 suppl):IV1-IV203.
    External Resources
  36. Lindstrom JM, Seybold ME, Lennon VA, Whittingham S, Duane DD: Antibody to acetylcholine receptor in myasthenia gravis. Prevalence, clinical correlates, and diagnostic value. Neurology 1976;26:1054-1059.
    External Resources
  37. Will RG, Ironside JW, Zeidler M, Cousens SN, Estibeiro K, Alperovitch A, Poser S, Pocchiari M, Hofman A, Smith PG: A new variant of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in the UK. Lancet 1996;347:921-925.
    External Resources
  38. Bensimon G, Lacomblez L, Meininger V: A controlled trial of riluzole in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. ALS/Riluzole Study Group. N Engl J Med 1994;330:585-591.
    External Resources
  39. Yaggi HK, Concato J, Kernan WN, Lichtman JH, Brass LM, Mohsenin V: Obstructive sleep apnea as a risk factor for stroke and death. N Engl J Med 2005;353:2034-2041.
    External Resources
  40. Pepe A, Kurtz MJ: A measure of total research impact independent of time and discipline. PLoS One 2012;7:e46428.
    External Resources
ppt logo Download Figures (.pptx)

Figures
Thumbnail
Tables
Thumbnail
Thumbnail
Thumbnail
Thumbnail

Article Tools
Article Details

2017, Vol.77, No. 3-4

March 2017

Free Supplementary Material

Article

Recommend This
Additional Information

D.Y.Y. and J.S.B. contributed equally to this work.
TOP