Cardiology 2021;146:19–26
(DOI:10.1159/000511128)

Relation between Accumulated Air Pollution Exposure and Sub-Clinical Cardiovascular Disease in 33,723 Danish 60–74-Year-Old Males from the Background Population (AIR-CARD): A Method Article

Lambrechtsen J.a · Mayntz S.K.a · Engdam K.B.a · Egstrup K.a · Nielsen J.b · Steffensen F.H.c · Frohn L.M.d · Brandt J.d · Ketzel M.d · Pyndt Diederichsen A.C.e · Lindholt J.S.f

Author affiliations

aCardiovascular Research Unit, Odense University Hospital – Svendborg, Svendborg, Denmark
bDepartment of Clinical Epidemiology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
cDepartment of Cardiology, Sygehus Lillebælt, Lillebaelt, Denmark
dDepartment of Environmental Science, Faculty of Technical Sciences, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
eDepartment of Cardiology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
fDepartment of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery T, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark

Log in to MyKarger to check if you already have access to this content.




Forgot your password
Sign up to MyKarger

Buy

  • FullText & PDF
  • Unlimited re-access via MyKarger
  • Unrestricted printing, no saving restrictions for personal use
read more
CHF 38.00 *
EUR 35.00 *
USD 39.00 *

Select

KAB

Buy a Karger Article Bundle (KAB) and profit from a discount!


If you would like to redeem your KAB credit, please log in.

Save over 20% compared to the individual article price.

Learn more

Rent/Cloud

  • Rent for 48h to view
  • Buy Cloud Access for unlimited viewing via different devices
  • Synchronizing in the ReadCube Cloud
  • Printing and saving restrictions apply
Rental: USD 8.50
Cloud: USD 20.00

Select

Subscribe

  • Access to all articles of the subscribed year(s) guaranteed for 5 years
  • Unlimited re-access via Subscriber Login or MyKarger
  • Unrestricted printing, no saving restrictions for personal use
read more

Subcription rates

Select
* The final prices may differ from the prices shown due to specifics of VAT rules.

Article / Publication Details

First-Page Preview
Abstract of CAD and AMI: Clinical Trial Design

Received: May 27, 2020
Accepted: August 17, 2020
Published online: November 25, 2020

Number of Print Pages: 8
Number of Figures: 2
Number of Tables: 0

ISSN: 0008-6312 (Print)
eISSN: 1421-9751 (Online)

For additional information: https://www.karger.com/CRD

Abstract

Cardiovascular disease is one of the main causes of death and disability in the Western world, and there is increasing evidence that air pollution is a risk factor for developing sub-clinical cardiovascular diseases. Previous studies have shown a correlation between cardiovascular disease and short-term exposure to elevated air pollution levels. However, the literature on the impact of long-term effect of air pollution is limited. We have a unique opportunity to evaluate this correlation. The DEHM/UBM/AirGIS model system calculates air pollution in a high temporal and spatial resolution and traces air pollution retrospectively to year 1979. The model calculates accumulated exposure using annual exposure from PM2.5 in relation to home and work addresses and takes into account working hours and holidays. We link the results from this model system to a population-based cardiovascular screening cohort of 33,723 individuals in the age of 60–74 to assess the contribution of the specific accumulated air pollution to the presence of sub-clinical arteriosclerosis in the coronary vessels, abdominal aortic aneurysms, and peripheral arterial disease. This correlation will be further analyzed in relation to specific air pollutants. This study will introduce more precise data for a longer period of time and incorporate participant’s home and work addresses.

© 2020 S. Karger AG, Basel



Related Articles:

References

  1. Roger VL, Go AS, Lloyd-Jones DM, Benjamin EJ, Berry JD, Borden WB, et al. Executive summary: heart disease and stroke statistics: 2012 update: a report from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2012;125(1):188–97.
    External Resources
  2. Lloyd-Jones DM, Leip EP, Larson MG, D’Agostino RB, Beiser A, Wilson PW, et al. Prediction of lifetime risk for cardiovascular disease by risk factor burden at 50 years of age. Circulation. 2006;113(6):791–8.
    External Resources
  3. Murray CJ, Lopez AD. Alternative projections of mortality and disability by cause 1990–2020: Global Burden of Disease Study. Lancet. 1997;349(9064):1498–504.
    External Resources
  4. Blaha MJ, Cainzos-Achirica M, Dardari Z, Blankstein R, Shaw LJ, Rozanski A, et al. All-cause and cause-specific mortality in individuals with zero and minimal coronary artery calcium: a long-term, competing risk analysis in the Coronary Artery Calcium Consortium. Atherosclerosis. 2020;294:72–9.
    External Resources
  5. Budoff MJ, Möhlenkamp S, McClelland R, Delaney JA, Bauer M, Jöckel HK, et al. A comparison of outcomes with coronary artery calcium scanning in unselected populations: the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA) and Heinz Nixdorf RECALL study (HNR). J Cardiovasc Comput Tomogr. 2013;7(3):182–91.
    External Resources
  6. Diederichsen AC, Sand NP, Nørgaard B, Lambrechtsen J, Jensen JM, Munkholm H, et al. Discrepancy between coronary artery calcium score and HeartScore in middle-aged Danes: the DanRisk study. Eur J Prev Cardiol. 2012;19(3):558–64.
    External Resources
  7. Folsom AR, Kronmal RA, Detrano RC, O’Leary DH, Bild DE, Bluemke DA, et al. Coronary artery calcification compared with carotid intima-media thickness in the prediction of cardiovascular disease incidence: the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA). Arch Intern Med. 2008;168(12):1333–9.
    External Resources
  8. Diderichsen F, Andersen I, Manuel C. Ulighed i sundhed: årsager og indsatser. 2011.
  9. Flachs EM, Eriksen L, Koch MB, Ryd JT, Dibba E, Skov-Ettrup L, et al. Sygdomsbyrden i Danmark: sygdomme. 2015.
  10. Niiranen TJ, Vasan RS. Epidemiology of cardiovascular disease: recent novel outlooks on risk factors and clinical approaches. Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther. 2016;14(7):855–69.
    External Resources
  11. Lambrechtsen J, Gerke O, Egstrup K, Sand NP, Nørgaard BL, Petersen H, et al. The relation between coronary artery calcification in asymptomatic subjects and both traditional risk factors and living in the city centre: a DanRisk substudy. J Intern Med. 2012;271(5):444–50.
    External Resources
  12. Geels C, Andersson C, Hänninen O, Lansø AS, Schwarze PE, Skjøth CA, et al. Future premature mortality due to O3, secondary inorganic aerosols and primary PM in Europe: sensitivity to changes in climate, anthropogenic emissions, population and building stock. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2015;12(3):2837–69.
    External Resources
  13. Hanninen O, Knol AB, Jantunen M, Lim TA, Conrad A, Rappolder M, et al. Environmental burden of disease in Europe: assessing nine risk factors in six countries. Environ Health Perspect. 2014;122(5):439–46.
  14. Lelieveld J, Klingmüller K, Pozzer A, Pöschl U, Fnais M, Daiber A, et al. Cardiovascular disease burden from ambient air pollution in Europe reassessed using novel hazard ratio functions. Eur Heart J. 2019;40(20):1590–6.
    External Resources
  15. Auchincloss AH, Diez Roux AV, Dvonch JT, Brown PL, Barr RG, Daviglus ML, et al. Associations between recent exposure to ambient fine particulate matter and blood pressure in the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA). Environ Health Perspect. 2008;116(4):486–91.
    External Resources
  16. Bauer M, Moebus S, Möhlenkamp S, Dragano N, Nonnemacher M, Fuchsluger M, et al. Urban particulate matter air pollution is associated with subclinical atherosclerosis: results from the HNR (Heinz Nixdorf Recall) study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2010;56(22):1803–8.
    External Resources
  17. Gill EA, Curl CL, Adar SD, Allen RW, Auchincloss AH, O’Neill MS, et al. Air pollution and cardiovascular disease in the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis. Prog Cardiovasc Dis. 2011;53(5):353–60.
    External Resources
  18. O’Neill MS, Diez-Roux AV, Auchincloss AH, Shen M, Lima JA, Polak JF, et al. Long-term exposure to airborne particles and arterial stiffness: the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA). Environ Health Perspect. 2011;119(6):844–51.
    External Resources
  19. Brunekreef B, Hoffmann B. Air pollution and heart disease. Lancet. 2016;388(10045):640–2.
    External Resources
  20. Hoek G, Krishnan RM, Beelen R, Peters A, Ostro B, Brunekreef B, et al. Long-term air pollution exposure and cardio- respiratory mortality: a review. Environ Health. 2013;12(1):43.
    External Resources
  21. Kaufman JD, Adar SD, Allen RW, Barr RG, Budoff MJ, Burke GL, et al. Prospective study of particulate air pollution exposures, subclinical atherosclerosis, and clinical cardiovascular disease: the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis and Air Pollution (MESA Air). Am J Epidemiol. 2012;176(9):825–37.
    External Resources
  22. Kaufman JD, Adar SD, Barr RG, Budoff M, Burke GL, Curl CL, et al. Association between air pollution and coronary artery calcification within six metropolitan areas in the USA (the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis and Air Pollution): a longitudinal cohort study. Lancet. 2017;388(10045):696–704.
    External Resources
  23. Hoffmann B, Moebus S, Möhlenkamp S, Stang A, Lehmann N, Dragano N, et al. Residential exposure to traffic is associated with coronary atherosclerosis. Circulation. 2007;116(5):489–96.
    External Resources
  24. Frohn LM, Christinsen JH, Brandt J. Development of a high-resolution nested air pollution model: the numerical approach. J Comput Phys. 2002;179(1):68–94.
  25. Brandt J, Christensen JH, Frohn LM, Berkowicz R. Air pollution forecasting from regional to urban street scale: implementation and validation for two cities in Denmark. Phys Chem Earth, Parts A/B/C. 2003;28(8):335–44.
    External Resources
  26. Hvidtfeldt U, Ketzel M, Sørensen M, Hertel O, Khan J, Brandt J, et al. Evaluation of the Danish AirGIS air pollution modeling system against measured concentrations of PM2.5, PM10, and black carbon. Environ Epidemiol. 2018;2(2):1–11.
  27. Khan J, Kakosimos K, Raaschou-Nielsen O, Brandt J, Jensen SS, Ellermann T, et al. Development and performance evaluation of new AirGIS: a GIS based air pollution and human exposure modelling system. Atmos Environ. 2019;198:102–21.
    External Resources
  28. Christensen JH. The Danish eulerian hemispheric model: a three-dimensional air pollution model used for the arctic. Atmos Environ. 1997;31(24):4169–91.
    External Resources
  29. Holst G, Thygesen M, Pedersen CB, Peel RG, Brandt J, Christensen JH, et al. Ammonia, ammonium, and the risk of asthma. Environ Epidemiol. 2018;2(3):1.
  30. Horsdal HT, Agerbo E, McGrath JJ, Vilhjálmsson BJ, Antonsen S, Closter AM, et al. Association of childhood exposure to nitrogen dioxide and polygenic risk score for schizophrenia with the risk of developing schizophrenia. JAMA Netw Open. 2019;2(11):e1914401.
    External Resources
  31. Diederichsen AC, Rasmussen LM, Søgaard R, Lambrechtsen J, Steffensen FH, Frost L, et al. The Danish Cardiovascular Screening Trial (DANCAVAS): study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials. 2015;16:554.
    External Resources
  32. Danish cardiovascular screening trial II (DANCAVAS-II). Accessed 2020 Apr 1. Available from: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03946410.
  33. Kvist TV, Lindholt JS, Rasmussen LM, Søgaard R, Lambrechtsen J, Steffensen FH, et al. The DanCavas pilot study of multifaceted screening for subclinical cardiovascular disease in men and women aged 65–74 years. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2017;53(1):123–31.
    External Resources
  34. Lindholt JS, Søgaard R. Population screening and intervention for vascular disease in Danish men (VIVA): a randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2017;390(10109):2256–65.
    External Resources
  35. Grondal N, Bramsen MB, Thomsen MD, Rasmussen CB, Lindholt JS. The cardiac cycle is a major contributor to variability in size measurements of abdominal aortic aneurysms by ultrasound. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2012;43(1):30–3.
  36. Joensen JB, Juul S, Abrahamsen J, Henneberg EW, Lindholt JS. Doppler ultrasound compared with strain gauge for measurement of systolic ankle blood pressure. Angiology. 2008;59(3):296–300.
    External Resources
  37. Ketzel M, Brandt J, Ellermann T, Olesen HR, Berkowicz R, Hertel O. Evaluation of the street pollution model OSPM for measurements at 12 streets stations using a newly developed and freely available evaluation tool. J Civ Environ Eng. 2012.
  38. Liisberg M, Diederichsen AC, Lindholt JS. Abdominal ultrasound-scanning versus non-contrast computed tomography as screening method for abdominal aortic aneurysm: a validation study from the randomized DANCAVAS study. BMC Med Imaging. 2017;17(1):14.
    External Resources
  39. McClelland RL, Chung H, Detrano R, Post W, Kronmal RA. Distribution of coronary artery calcium by race, gender, and age: results from the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA). Circulation. 2006;113(1):30–7.
    External Resources
  40. Budoff MJ, Shaw LJ, Liu ST, Weinstein SR, Mosler TP, Tseng PH, et al. Long-term prognosis associated with coronary calcification: observations from a registry of 25,253 patients. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2007;49(18):1860–70.
    External Resources
  41. Keelan PC, Bielak LF, Ashai K, Jamjoum LS, Denktas AE, Rumberger JA, et al. Long-term prognostic value of coronary calcification detected by electron-beam computed tomography in patients undergoing coronary angiography. Circulation. 2001;104(4):412–7.
    External Resources
  42. Kondos GT, Hoff JA, Sevrukov A, Daviglus ML, Garside DB, Devries SS, et al. Electron-beam tomography coronary artery calcium and cardiac events: a 37-month follow-up of 5,635 initially asymptomatic low- to intermediate-risk adults. Circulation. 2003;107(20):2571–6.
    External Resources
  43. Shaw LJ, Raggi P, Schisterman E, Berman DS, Callister TQ. Prognostic value of cardiac risk factors and coronary artery calcium screening for all-cause mortality. Radiology. 2003;228(3):826–33.
    External Resources
  44. Hoek G, Brunekreef B, Goldbohm S, Fischer P, van den Brandt PA. Association between mortality and indicators of traffic-related air pollution in the Netherlands: a cohort study. Lancet. 2002;360(9341):1203–9.
    External Resources
  45. Miller KA, Siscovick DS, Sheppard L, Shepherd K, Sullivan JH, Anderson GL, et al. Long-term exposure to air pollution and incidence of cardiovascular events in women. N Engl J Med. 2007;356(5):447–58.
    External Resources
  46. Gehring U, Heinrich J, Krämer U, Grote V, Hochadel M, Sugiri D, et al. Long-term exposure to ambient air pollution and cardiopulmonary mortality in women. Epidemiology. 2006;17(5):545–51.
    External Resources
  47. Puett RC, Hart JE, Yanosky JD, Paciorek C, Schwartz J, Suh H, et al. Chronic fine and coarse particulate exposure, mortality, and coronary heart disease in the Nurses’ Health Study. Environ Health Perspect. 2009;117(11):1697–701.
    External Resources
  48. Rosenlund M, Berglind N, Pershagen G, Hallqvist J, Jonson T, Bellander T. Long-term exposure to urban air pollution and myocardial infarction. Epidemiology. 2006;17(4):383–90.
    External Resources
  49. Keller JP, Olives C, Kim SY, Sheppard L, Sampson PD, Szpiro AA, et al. A unified spatiotemporal modeling approach for predicting concentrations of multiple air pollutants in the multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis and air pollution. Environ Health Perspect. 2015;123(4):301–9.
    External Resources

Article / Publication Details

First-Page Preview
Abstract of CAD and AMI: Clinical Trial Design

Received: May 27, 2020
Accepted: August 17, 2020
Published online: November 25, 2020

Number of Print Pages: 8
Number of Figures: 2
Number of Tables: 0

ISSN: 0008-6312 (Print)
eISSN: 1421-9751 (Online)

For additional information: https://www.karger.com/CRD


Article Tools
Article Details

2021, Vol.146, No. 1

January 2021

Article

Recommend this
TOP