Book Reviews

Mark K. Wax presents his textbook, Facial Paralysis: A Comprehensive Rehabilitative Approach, a collaboration of 23 authors from across the United States. The texts spans 13 topic areas, from facial nerve anatomy, the history of management of facial nerve paresis and paralysis, identification of facial nerve damage, through to a comprehensive overview of current medical and surgical management approaches. Specifically, chapters focus on management of the brow, eyelids, nasal valve, mid face and lips, and management of the facial nerve and nerve reconstruction. Succinct review of literature for current medical and surgical approaches with excellent use of photographs and illustration are provided. This text will be of primary use for otolaryngologists and facial plastic surgeons, with valuable contributions from across the otolaryngology subspecialties, including neurootology, highlighting a multidisciplinary approach for these patients. The book may also serve as a resource for speech language pathologists and physical therapists who work in evaluation and management of these patients, with the initial focus on etiology, identification, and rehabilitation of facial nerve paralysis and paresis. The book provides a concise summary of the content matter, with accessible format for easy referencing. While not an exhaustive text at 260 pages, the work would serve as a useful training tool for otolaryngologists and a practical addition to academic department libraries.

course considered wholesome; on the contrary, if they prove fatal, a test of the most decided certainty is furnished of the exist-, ence of poison. But there are tests existing in the fish itself, not unfrequently, by which the poison may be detected. It is a general observation of fishermen and navigators of the channels and narrow seas among the keys or smaller islands, where fish are most abundant, that when fish of any kind, but particularly kingfish (the varieties called bastard and molatoe), Spanish mackarel (scomber cajruleo-argenteus rudus), &c. are destitute of a certain smell peculiar to them, that-smell distinguished by the name " fishy smell," they ought to be considered as unwholesome. It is also remarked, by the same class of men, that when these fish are of an uncommon magnitude, they should be rejected as hurtful, or, at least, as less certainly wholesome than those of a more moderate size. The last observation is more particularly applicable to the overgrown king-fish, the barracuda, and bay and gray snapper (species of the coracinus.) In the barracuda, nature seems to be particularly careful to discover its poison by a singular distinction. When this fish is observed to have black or darkcoloured teeth, not-a doubt, we are told, should remain of its poisonous property; and it is generally received as a fact, tlmt when any of this kind of fish have proved poisonous, they have been found with black or dark-coloured teeth ; and, on the other hand, that there has seldom been an instance of the whiteteethed barracuda being unwholesome. Du Tertre, we-have seen, has, with a different view, carefully pointed out these marks of poison. ^ We know not whether our readers will think with us, but we confess that after reading this paragraph, we felt considerably less interest in the whole paper. What better proof have we of the test from fishy smell, increased size, and dark coloured teeth, than from boiling with copper, or onion ? Do we not know that in many parts of the old world, mackarel are considered poisonous ? Lord Dover, at that time Sir Joseph York, when ambassador at the Hague, first taught the Dutch to cat this fish, which till that time, a nation containing the ablest fishermen in Europe, had rejected with horror, and to which they are scarcely yet reconciled. Among many of the less enlightened Spanish and Portuguese colonists, they are still considered in the same light. Do we not know how numerous were the supposed poisons of the ancients, and that this error was for a number of ages supported by an opinion equally erroneous, of efficacious antidotes; as even to this day we sometimes hear of the eflicacy of white-witches, in counteracting the incantations of their infernal sisterhood. The plan proposed in the middle of the transcribed paragraph, is intelligible and rational. We heartily wish the paper had contained more experiments, and fewer traditions. We are, however, ready to admit, that the author has brought a subject before physicians, hitherto too much overlooked by them. We shall therefore give the substance The Edinburgh Journal, 4:63 substance of his paper, rather to induce others to enquire experimentally, than to tru^t to Dr. Chisholm's traditionary evidence.
In the island of Grenada, the residence of our author, during part of his official duty, he found on inquiry the poisonous fish to be 4i the barracuda (perca major subargentca macuiata, pinnis nigrantibus of Browne, N. Hist, of Jamaica?the esox barracuda of Sloane, and becune of the French) ?a species of snapper (coracinus fuscus major) gray snapper?the porgee (sparus chrysops)? the dolphin (coryphama cceruleo varie splendens, eauda bifurca)?the king-fish, tassard of the French, (scomber maximus, pinnulis utrinque novem, tuberculo rigido acuminato utrinque ad caudam)?the conger-eel (murcena major subolivacea) ? a variety of the sprat, distinguished by the trivial name " yellow bill'd," not mentioned by Browne, (clupea thryssa, Osbeck's Faunula Sinensi>)." All of these, however, are generally wholesome, excepting the last, the poisonous property of which exceeds anv thing ever yet related, among all the wonders of the venomous art. " The first instance of its fatal effect I met with, was in a negro of the estate of Grand-mal, near St. George's.
The poor fellow had scarcely swallowed the fish, when the most dreadful convulsions were produced, and in about half an hour he was dead.
The oesophagus and stomach were in a highly inflamed state, and exhibited the appearances produced by the most active metallic poisons.
When the progress of the action of the poison of this fish is less rapid, the course of symptoms is an itching all over the body, violent colicky pains, a contraction and pungent heat of the oesophagus, nausea, htfat of skin, and great acceleration of pulse, giddiness, loss of sight, ecld sweats, insensibility and death. The distinguishing symptoms are the contraction and pungent heat of the oesophagus. The rapidity of the action of this poison is such, that at St." Eustatius, and other of the Leeward Islands, -whites and negroes have been known to expire with the sprats in their mouths still unswallowed. And yet I am informed, that at Porto Rico, the yellow-bill'd sprat is by no means poisonous, but eat with impunity?a curious circumstance, and not to be accounted for, without supposing the local existence of a marine poison of some peculiar kind." We cannot help wishing that this case had been related more minutely, and still more, that the contents of the negroe's stomach* or other yellow-bill'd sprats of the same haul, had been offered to a dog, or some inferior animal. That we had been informed, whether the animal refused the offer, or received it with reluctance; ?r it forced into his oesophagus, what the consequences were. We Sire not surprised at meeting with no chemical analysis of these substances, well knowing how difficult, and often how unsatisfactory it is to conduct them under a tropical sun, at a distance from any apparatus, and without any partner to assist in or. witness the sffect of our toil.
As by this time the reader must be aware of our meaning, and as 464 The Edinburgh Journal. as to do justice to Dr. Chisholm, lie has always acquainted ns with the sources of his information, we shall content ourselves with bringing before them in as few words as possible, the contents of his paper.
The gray snapper is said to affect the bowels principally; and sometimes to produce "a leprous eruption. "In the year 17S6\ says he, a carpenter of the name M' Arthur/ his two brothers, three or four white journeymen, and some ntegro carpenters belonging to him, suffered severely by eating of a poisonous gray snapper.
The general symptoms were such as I have described ; but its mode of acting on one of the negroes is very singular, and affords perhaps an useful hint in the treatment of old ulcers. This man had had an ulcer on one of his legs, which had resisted a variety of means of cure, for more than two years and at the time I am speaking of, it was so ill-conditioned, that amputation had been proposed as the only means of saving his life.
, He had eat a larger portion of the fish than his mess-mates, but at first the symptoms were similar. At the end of two days, the discharge from the ulcer became thicker, more abundant, and better coloured ; but at the same time, the whole surface of his body became scored, or divided into regular squares, each score deepening into a fossula, out of which was discharged, in astonishing quantities, a Substance of a thick curdly texture, and whitish colour. During six weeks, this singular discharge continued: about that period, it gradually ceased, the ulcerated surface healed ; and the ulcer on his leg, in a few weeks more, no other means having been used, healed in a most perfect manner. This was literally impressing a new habit on'the s^ltem, by the introduction.of a more powerful and active stimulus. , Instances of this do not often oCcur,and it may be considered as a kind of reproach to physicians, that ihey are almost always accidental." , We know not how to take our author, in this'last dry hit on the ? whole profession. He cannot mean that the first experiments should be other than accidental, when he considers. the subject he has to work upon, and the supposed force of the remedy: but he must be aware, that from the time when Mr. Hunter convinced the world, that the cure of syphilis by mercury could only be by inducing a stronger stimulus than the disease ; this doctrine of suspending one diseased action by another, has been not only often discovered by accident, but successfully attempted, and conducted with design.
The porgee, supposed to be the sparus pargos of Foster is said to produce somewhat similar effects, but milder at least in the West India Islands. ' The author does not recollect more than two instances in which the dolphin proved poisonous.
In' these, the disease induced readily yielded to simple remedies.
An instance is related, (we are not certain whether from ourauthor's kuowledge) Jn the year 1791? -of a large conger, eaten by two-The Edinburgh Journal. 46,5 t\vo overseers, three stout negro men, and a negro child 3 years old, ? each suffered in proportion to the quantity he consumed.
A variety of King's fisher, called the bastard, is said to be the most poisonous of this tribe, producing cholera and florid eruptions.
During the author's1 residence at St. Croix, he made excursions to the adjoining group of Virgin Islands. At these times, he made many inquiries concerning the poisonous fish in those seas. These are the barracuda (perca major) ; the yellow-billed sprat (clupea thryssa) ; the poisoned gj-ooper (perca venenosa of Catesby, or trigla subfusca nebulata of Browne) ; the horse-eye and greenbacked cavalloe (varieties, I believe, of the scomber macula nigra cd basin utriUsque branchiostegce et in utraque pinnd pectorali) ; Spanish mackarel (scomber cseruleo argenteus nudus, 13.) ; kingfish ; the old wife (balistes monoceros) ; the hyne (coracir;us minor) ; and some varieties of the cancer ruricola. Of these the most dangerous are the barracuda and sprat.
The information from the fishermen was uniform, as is more usually the case when a tale or tradition is repeated, than when no transaction is related by any number of people. All agreed in supposing copper to be the source of the poison ; though they consider their feeding on sea moss, (corallina opuntia) during the Spawning season as a cause.
Might it not be questioned, whether a change in their secretions during this important season, "may not render them poisonous for their own protection ? By we'll attested records, it seems certain that the yellow-billed sprats are wholesome on the north-side of the island, and it seems scarcely possible to doubt that they are poisonous in some shoals to which they resort for the' propagation of the species. So poisonous, that instances were related of negroes dying in the very act of swallowing the fish. Nay a physician of eminence at Christranstadt, related to our author an instance of a negro, who, informed of his danger, had spit the fish out of bis mouth before swallowing any part, yet died in consequence of mastication only. If this were really the cause of the" negroe's death, it is impossible to account for it by any Cupreous impregnation.
The author next proceeds to the result of his own immediate inquiry, which he admits is less satisfactory.

"
The inhabitants of the West India Islands, in their opinionrespecting this poison, may be divided into those, 1. Who believe copper to be the basis of it; 2. Those who attribute all-its pernicious qualities to the galere orgally-fish (medusa? and holothuriae), which are supposed to constitute the food* of those fish which possess it; and 3; The few who assign the poisonJo the manchineel apple, and probably as it relates to the varietes of land crab, found poisonous, they are right." The most prevailing opinion is, that copper is' the source of the poison. Tq discover the source of this metal, our author was at some 466 The Edinburgh Journal. some pains, and we hope his researches will hereafter furnish the mother country or the Islanders with a new source of wealth in this valuable metal. " The submarine ridge or bank, extending from Grenada to Tobago, called by the fishermen of the former island " Copper Bank/' is, I suspect, a vein of the mountain-green, and may be, there are good grounds for believing, an extension of that demonstrated in the leewaid Caribbean Sea.
Nor is it at all improbable that it might be discovered among the Bahama Islands, were a careful investigation made. The poisonous quality of the fish of the Bahama Seas has been noted and experienced from the days of Catesby to the present. In tracing the tract marked by the presence of poisonous fish, it will be considered a circumstance of at least curious importance, that at Saba, Sombnero Chisholm ; but we shall attend to the arguments in favour of the probability of poison from this source. A British frigate was wrecked on one of the Virgin Islands ; oysters grew on her copper bottom, which were eaten not without producing cholera, and excruciating tormina, though in no instance fatal.?The account given by Dr. BLane, of the case of an officer and two seamen poisoned by copper vessels is shown to be similar to the poison from these fish, Fourcroy assures us that oxyds of copper are more virulent than of any other metal, and it is remarked that the muriatic acid in this part of the world, increased by heat, is a powerful solvent of copper. Many olhei arguments are brought, in confirmation of the probability that this poison is of a cupreous origin.
Dr. Chisholm next considers whether the poison of some fiah may arise from the manchineel apple, which is in some places supposed to be their food.
After noticing the authority of several French writers, he doubts whether such a cause is sufficient, or whether any but soriie of the testaceous tribe make it their food. His own observations, as well as those of the inhabitants, and of several writers, would show that the manchineel apple is itself not poisonous.
tnanchineel apple, yet we might cxpect they might be afterwards eaten with safety.
. The opinion which chiefly prevails among the French writers is, that the gnlcre or medusa is the cause of the poison of fish. But this the author proves to be at least problematical, by the number of placcs in which tl^e medusa is found, but which abound with wholesome fish. It is even doubted by Dr< C. whether the fish medusa itself is as venomous as is generally believed, yet he seems to give more credit to some wonderful traditions concerning it, than his doubts would authorize.
We shall not follow our author through all his remarks and conjectures concerning the probability of an animal being supported by a substance which renders him poisonous when taken as food,nor into an illustration of the same by Gortanner's law of irritability, iior the many other instances of poisons which are produced^ many of them, in our opinion, on very uncertain authority. Thel numbers, as he observes, ought to have been greatly multiplied, but }le wishes to confine himself to a few classical instances. These kind of references are certainly very interesting, but can we call .them satisfactory ? What, though the story of Mithridates is related by Justin, and admitted by the modern compilers of the.history of Pontus.?What, though Galen admits it also, and believes that a similar habit had been impressed on the Emperor Aurelian by himself.?Are the authorities of those days sufficient to induce a belief of a power, which, if well established, would have been perpetually referred to ? Or, is there any greater probability of the story concerning the Sultan of Cambaia than of the Arabian Knight?
Uncertain as we are of the reality of some of these' poisons> which the author did not witness himself, we shall be very short on the subject of the cure from the effect of them. Against chose which poison by mastication, there can be but little chanfce of success by any remedy. The principal antidote against the rest is salt. On this, and the rest of the paper, we shall forbear to make any further remarks, only repeating our wishes that the subject may be taken up experimentally by those who have such opportunities. The author* after a few judicious remarks, begins his account with an examination of the epidemic constitution from April 1807 to March ISO8.
In April, pulmonary complaints appeared, as are usual at these seasons, but were easily removed ? a contagious porrigo, or scaled head appeared, and-continued to be very troublesome.
The most remarkable thing in the two subsequent months, is, that rubeola, which was so fatal in London, was attended with little danger, though epidemic, in Northampton. In August, how- gain became milder. During the same month typhus was attend" ed with diarrhoea; the principal remedy was cold sponging with vinegar and water, and the exhibition of nitric acid. Wine was found injurious till perspiration appeared.
In November, catarrh took place of measles, and remittent fevers of children were very prevalent. Synochus among grown people. Typhus was for. the most part mild, but often required purgatives, and was constantly the worse for astringent remedies, when diarrhoea spontaneously supervened.
*In December catarrh was so general, though for the most part mild, as to acquire the name of influenza, yet infants and convalescents from measles and other diseases, fell victims to it. Ia January the catarrh continued, with pain in the side, which yielded to blisters, but those who were bled recovered very slowly.
The present alarm concerning rabies, induces us to transcribe the following acrount of an epizootic in the canine species.
" Much Talarm has been excited within the last two months in this town and neighbourhood by a disease among dogs, said to re-"semble rabies; several men and children were bit, but no hydrophobia has ensued, although few employed any remedy. Some certainly went to the coast for sea-bathing, which has had the merit of being considered a certain preventive, but experience has too often proved the fallacy of relying on this plan. A boy was admitted into the hospital with a wound on the fleshy part of the thumb from the bite of a dog supposed mad. Caustic was applied to the part, and small doses of calomel exhibited night and morning ; the injury had been received more than seven days before he applied for assistance, but no symptom of disease appeared, and the boy has ever since remained in good health. The dog was destroyed as soon as possible, but not before he had bit a pig, which, after the lapse of some days, was killed from a suspicion of madness. " When the cry of ' mad-dog, mad-dog,' arises, death is the inevitable portion of the animal ; and, by the vulgar, it would be considered the highest point of rashness to attempt saving it from immediate destruction; but one instance has occurred, where a man had sufficient 'firmness to resist the public cry, and to put 'his dog, which had bit two children, into a place of safety ; he eat and drank the same day as usual; this a rabid animal might have done ; but he has continued evqr since ill perfect health ; ndV ?have the children, although no means were employed, experienced # one unpleasant symptom : had this animal, on the contrary, been destroyed, it would have been added to the list of mad-dogs, and . ,,the relations of the children would have remained, at this moment, in a state of suspcnce. There certainly has been considerable disease among dogs, attended-with different symptoms; some were suddenly attacked with giddiness, turning, round several times, run staggering an^ biting at objects in -their way, and then unexpectedly drop dowa dead ? 9 The Edinburgh Journal. 469 dead ; and this probably in two or three hours after the first seizure.
One looked dull in the eye, and frothed in the mouth ; a vomit of tartrit of antimony cleared his stomach and bowels, and removed all disease. These complaints were most prevalent in dogs exposed to the temporary influence of a fire. In the public newspapers, about this time, a circumstance is related of a strange dog entering a coffee-room, on a very cold frosty day, and lying down before the fire, from whence, after sleeping some time, ho sprung np, and made repeated attempts to bite those in the room, until destroyed ; this might be rabies ; but it may, with equal probability, be attributed to frenitis, arising from the sudden alteration ?< of temperature, to which the dog exposed himself.
" In addition to the instances of disease in the dog which have been related, two others occurred in June 1808. A small dog appeared dull for a day, then bit his master in the hand, and ran away. He was cautiously p-rsued, brought home, and placed in a state of confinement, wfyere, after refusing all food, he d'ed on the second da}'. The body being opened, the stomach, oesophagus, and intestines, were free from any morbid appearance. The lungs were much inflamed.
Caustic was applied to the bitten part soon after the wound had been received ; about a week after, the man complained of nausea, and oppression at the prajcordia; an emetic was exhibited, and assisted in its operation by warm water, with a few drops of the water of ammonia, since which he has . continued in perfect health. The other instance certainly presents a very unfavourable appearance; and, as the reporter paid particular attention to the symptoms which the animal exhibited, he thinks a full.detail may be acceptable; and he is the more disposed to this, from the little information which he has been able to procure on this subject from books, or personal inquiires. bread. These appcaranccs exciting strong suspicion of rabies, h? was immediately chained up in his kennel. On the evening of Saturday July 2d the reporter first saw him, and he will bow attempt to give a clear detail of the result. " The eyes were dull, and almost closed by a yellowish matter ; the mouth half open, the lower jaw fallen, and only closed when crouching upon the?ground ; vapour constantly issuing from the imjulh'y makes many vain attempts to pass urine and fasces; scratches up the earth with his fore-feet, biting it, and then rolling on it; lies down quietly for a tew seconds-, fheu starts up suddenly, and howls in a very unnatural tone; the tail hangs down, ears are crect, does not shew any fear, has not swallowed food since the morning; he appears rational, advances to the person Calling him/ as far as the chain will permit: water being poured into a bason before him, he rushes towards it, and eagerly laps, tmt makes no attempts to swallow ;? takes buttered bread in the mouth, turns it round, and-lets it fall out again; keeps th-e tongue, which is quite black, entirely within the mouth ; no flow of saliva, but, on the contrary, the mouth appears parched ; makes no attempt to bite the kennel; shews great dislike to be left alone, by horrid howling. " July 3d?Has howled almost the whole night, has not swallowed food, laps water with the same eagerness as yesterday, has jiot passed any urine or faeces, has made several ineffectual attempts to vomit, much more restless and impatient, mouth' as yesterday, 110 flow of saliva ; gnaws the kennel, bites the chain, or any thing that appears to confine him. " July -ith--Bites at any object put near him ; does not refuse food, and still laps water, but cannot swallow ; mouth as before. In the afternoon some castor oil was poured down his throat bv a strong man,-who, for safety, had fixed his head by a fork, placed over his neck, and forced into the ground at the extremity of his chain; he did not attempt to bite, but became more tractable ; swallowed some gruel,-vomited much dark-coloured fluid, passed both urine and faxes, became more composed, but was found dead at four the next morning. The body was opened as soon as possible bv Mr. Kenney, veterinary surgeon of this town. Much ?slimy mucus was found under the tongue ; the parotid glands greatly enlarged,-the uvula and inner coat of the stomach much inflamed, one lung was also inflamed, the stomach contained some dark-coloured fluid, some coagulated blood between the dura mater and pia mater, but no inflammation of the membranes ; the Vessels of the brain tuigid with blood, the jaws free from ?Jny biuise or injury, no inflammation of the oesophagus* or intestines, which were'quite empty ; the bladder was .tree from disease.
" It yet remains doubtful if the disease of which this animal dird be rabies ; very little satisfactory, detail of the symptoms in the dog is to be met with, and dissections are still more rare. The clearest statement of the disease is from the1 pen of Mr, Meynel, whose The Edinburgh Journal.

4'7l
Avliose opportunities for information on this subject cannot be disputed : he describes a disease culled the dumb madness, which .bears strong analogy to the one detailed here. Dr. Hamilton of Jpswich has, ten years since, given to the public two volumes an hydrophobia, which contain much valuable matter. '1 he young girl who was bit had caustic applied to the parr, and in about six days lifter was sent to the coast fur se^-bathiug, where the surg >on extirpated the wounded part with ?the knife.
" No satisfactory information could be procured from those persons in this neighbourhood who have -beeu brought up to the .care of hounds; they all judged by -the eve? and were incapable of conveying their information but in a mass of contradiction, fir Jin which it is difficult to draw the truth." In February the catarrh became almost universal, and generally required blood-letting with some freedom. Such was l! c case, with measles, which now appeared principally among adults. ?-The account clones with t lie description of an irregular intermittent in some soldiers who had arrived from a marshy quarter.
The disease, as Dr. T. observes, was so universal as to merit a full detail.
" The type was very irregular; six, seven, ten days, or more, elapsed betwee.y the paroxysms, which came on irregularly, with very strong rigour, followed by great heat and much sweating^ tongue of a lardish white fur, sometimes yellowish appearance ; pulse full, hard, and quick; countenance tinged with yellow. 'The rigour returned w,itii some in t'iie evening, but with others i;\ the morning. Blood drawn exhibited a huffy coat. The .patients were all impre-sed with the idea that the disease was ague. Bark increased the fever, and was, in some cases, followed by violent haunorrhages from -the nostrils. Febrifuge medicines, bleeding, purgatives, all were tried in vain, with the severe cases ; some of the slighter were curedAinder one or other of these plans of treatment.
In a few, cold affusion was employed in the hot fit; it shortened the paroxysms considerably, b I did not produce any farther alleviation. Arsenic was then given ; font as those who toofk no medicine were gradually recovering, it was omitted, and the troops were marched from this place before the result of all the cases could be known.
Although in no one instance did the disease end fatally, yet it is also probable that Nature effected the cure.
Home gives' an account of a fever among the troops iu Germany, which bears a strong resemblance to this disease." '1 he author divides bronchial polypi into two species. The. first is a mere coagulation of the blood under hcemoptoe The others, lie conceives, are symptomatic -of a more chronic disease 11 They are," lie observes, 'c preceded by catarrhal complaints, II h a and 472 The. Edinburgh Journal. and attended with cough, wheezing, and dyspnoea, 'l'he fit of toughing which displaces them is sometimes alarmingly violent." Bronchial polypi, of the second kind, differ materially from those first described, which were said to be mere coagula, separated from the bloodrwhich had been poured into the lungs. Those of the second species are produced by a secreting surface, in a state of inflammation. They are. justly held as analogous to the membrane of croup.
Yet, the action which produces bronchial polypus never rises to such a height as in croup. This view ot the disease leads to the cure. The consideration of this need not detain me ; we have only to adopt the general indications laid down for the treatment of inflammations to the disease in question." We have given the passage in the author's own words, not having the same aptitude at assigning causes for effect.
Art This he observes is applicable to the eye in its sensibility to light under inflammation. Jn the violent stage of the Egyptian Ophthalmia, he remarks the eye was less susceptible of light, but in the milder, the susceptibility amounts almost to an intolerantia fueis. The form of the disease may be early discovered. In the more violent the vessels are exceedingly minute, the formation of pus more abundant, and there is an early tendency to tumefaction in the conjunctiva. The chemosis which succeeds is not formed by a plexus of vessels, but by an effusion which may be compared to a ring of coral surrounding the cornea, varying in tinges like that substance. As the deeper parts of the eye become affected, it is rendered less and less sensible of light, a discharge of matter follows, and the swelling of the palpebra3 precludes all further inspection.
When the vessels, on the contrary, are larger, more distinct and tortuous, the disease is usually confined to the conjunctiva, from which however it does not readily recede. The vessels, from the beginning, extend over the whole surface, and entrench on the margin of the cornea, which may gradually lose its transparences, and thus prevent the return of future vision.
The paper contains some other very judicious remarks, and concludes with the following hints as to'cure.
" In farther illustration of the subject, and without entering into any detail of the treatment, I may add, that the irritability arising from the affection of the cornea, by the encroachment of the conjunctiva, is best obviated by a well regulated application of the argent, vitrat. as near as possible to the margin which has become affected. We are glad to find so judicious an author, who has had large practical opportunities, confirm an opinion we have uniformly supported, that the few instances recorded of contagion in yellow fever are to be imputed to typhus occurring in those regions, and assuming the appearance of the endemic fever. In that light our author considers the yellow fever, though attacking strangers in a peculiar manner, till they become habituated to the climate. This induces him to differ from those writers, who support an analogy between this fever and plague, both of which Dr. D. has had an opportunity of seeing. Article 7.?Cases of Gout in'Negroes. By Mr Mr. Cuthbsrtsont on Galvanism.
Dr. Caius and every medical account that we have seen ; namely, that the d'sease was contagious.
It is unnecessary to take notice of the numerous arguments brought by the Inquirer, to prove that the disease did not arise from damaged corn, as we know not a single circumstance which could be produced to favour such an opinion ; but it is very remarkable that it should be questioned, whether typhus fever is not a common attendant on times of scarcity or distress.
Is not the coincidence of Xotfca ? %cti fopo; almost coeval with any authentic accounts of history. The inhabitants of the southern metropolis cannot but feel flattered at the value placed on then" Institutions j but a regard to truth, and to a just chronicle ot events, obliges us to remark, that so Jittle has typhus fever prevailed, as to render it unnecessary to increase the boundaries of the Fever house, which cannot with any safety contain more than hah a score patients with their necessary attendants, Far be it from us to undervalue the benevolent designs of the governors, or the industry of the medical officers. Should necessity require iarger accommodations, doubtless the same encouragement will be increased ; and as we have followed the example of Manchester and Liverpool, so we shall keep pace with them. But it cannot be doubted that we owe our exemption from typhus to the meliorated condition of the labouring class. During the year of scarcity, the price of labour was increased, and that price has nor diminished as provisions have become cheaper. During the short interval of peace, our builders reassumed their activity., and the return of war has not materially interrupted them.
We ar? glad to find among the Articles of Intelligence, that his'Majesty'has been pleased to double the pension of that meritorious officer Dr. Gilbert Blane, in compensation for his having been deprived of his office of Commissioner to the Sick and Wounded, on the reduction of that board after the peace of Amiens.
Tractical Electricity, and Galvanism, containing a Series of Experiments calculated for the Use of those who are desirous of becoming acquainted with that Branch of Science; illustrated with Nine Copper Plates. By Jonx Cuthbertson, Philosophical Instrument Maker, and Fellow of the Philosohpical Societies of Holland and Utrecht,.
Kot only has Galvanism added a new wing to the Elcctrical battery, but eyen the l^lectrical apparatus itself has received coiv? siderable alterations within these few years.
Its application te medicine has also greatly increased ; nor is it possible to say what may be accomplished, when experiments are sufficiently multiplied, to explain the great variety of its effects produced on different subjects.
Nothing can be more judicious than, the compilation before us at such a time. The simplicity of the language, the easy induction t0 tlie most abstruse parts hitherto discovered in this interest-iing science, and the lively illustration by such numerous and well executed plates, render this work a most complete introduction for those, whose distance from the larger towns, or other avocations, prevent their attendance on a regainr course of lectures.
Of a work of this kind it is impossible to do much more than an-?nounce the plan and general contents. In a preface we are informed, that the authdr^ist began to publish in Holland, where electricity was imperfectly known and among very few. His success in rendering the science more popular, induced him to enlarge his work by new experiments, and to add something to the Franklinian Theory. On this we shall transcribe the author's own words, and also add the conclusion of his preface, a$ descriptive of the object of this work.
" With regard to the theory, which I have advanced in Part. 1, it will be found to coincide with that of Franklin ; but \vhether or no it is the true theory I do not pretend to determine. 1 cap only say, that all the experiments with which 1 am acquainted cai* be more easily explained by it than by any other.